Health Benefits of Coffee Essay

â€Å"Overall, research shows coffee is more healthful than harmful. For most, a lot of good comes from drinking it, more so than a lot of bad. † Tomas DePaulis, PhD states. In fact, drinking a few cups a day may be healthy according to Harvard’s Women’s Health Watch. People who drink coffee on a regular basis appear to acquire some advantages compared to those who don’t drink it at all. These benefits include but are not limited to: a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, reduced risk of gallstones, lower colon cancer risk, and reduced risk of parkinson’s. â€Å"I think on average, the consumption of caffeine probably does create a public health risk. † Dr. Jim Lane claims. â€Å"Coffee drinkers put themselves at greater risk of hear attack, stroke, or early death. † Health risks linked to coffee consumption include: worsening of PMS symptoms in some women, reducing fertility in women while trying to conceive, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability. Section 2 Tomas DePaulis , PhD, is a research scientist at Vanderbilt University’s Institute for Coffee Studies. Dr. Jim Lane is a researcher at the Duke University Medical School. Both of their opinions are for the general public, anyone who’s interested in finding out about benefits, or risks of coffee drinking. They both give valuable information for any reader, the good and the bad. Both DePaulis’ and Lane’s research seems to agree with what their opinion is, both research opposes the other. Section 3 I love everything about coffee, the taste, the smell, and the effect. I hadn’t really thought about risks or advantages of drinking it until I had to start researching coffee. I found both sides to the research very interesting, and it’s definitely hard to know which one proves to be true, and which proves to be incorrect. I’m no scientist but as much as I love coffee I find it hard to believe there would be any risks in drinking it, and was a bit startled when I came across research to show health risks.

Service Alternatives

Keats, P. (2008). Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33, 297-316. The increasing numbers of students that require counseling and the growing severity of problems that are being faced by these students in the campuses have prompted counselors to study and apply alternative means of providing the students' counseling and therapy needs.The technique that was presented in the article is one which is considered an innovative counseling approach combining group therapy format and therapeutic enactment intervention techniques to address the needs of the clients. The approaches were based on different theoretical foundations of experts and were designed in a way that will be both effective and efficient. An open group therapy was opted because it facilitates cohesiveness as well provide a venue for greater interaction among clients. On the other hand, therapeutic enhancement is a group-based model t hat involves the client's re-enactment of experiences using actions.Clinical and ethical considerations were based on guidelines set by Association of Specialists in Group Work and the American and Canadian Counseling Association . The qualifications for being in the session would depend on making sure that the well-being of the client will not be jeopardized by a group setting. As the approach employs an open-group structure, it also requires a co-facilitation of the group. The group activities are divided into the warm-up section, the central activity, and a closing exercise.In addition, the concerns that may pose as challenges to the format were thoroughly discussed such as student reluctance, confidentiality, timing and training concerns. The qualitative evaluations at the end of the sessions provided positive results from clients who appreciated being in a group where there was opportunity to interact with other students. Some considerations will be evaluated in the future such as extending evaluation procedures, adapting a more extensive questionnaire, comparisons of evaluations by returning and non-returning clients, as well as using a quantitative measure to improve further understanding.A. How is this work useful to me as an aspiring counselor? This work is useful because it provides insights which are vital for a counselor. The results of the study as well as the approaches used can be utilized and applied in future undertakings. The innovation of the approach presented in the article can provide flexibility and additional knowledge that may be useful under some circumstances. Being an aspiring counselor, one must be adept in assessing the needs of the clients and providing the best approach for their concerns.This article provides just that and gives a reminder to be more critical and observant in dealing with the client as well as being open to learning better strategies. b. How does this work contribute to the field of counseling? This work contri butes new ways of approaching group counseling because it deals with something that addresses the concern of finding innovative means to solve the growing number of clients as well as the increase in the intensity of their problems.Combining the open group therapy approach and therapeutic enhancement provides the field of counseling an approach that is conducive for interaction, counseling in a large-scale setting, as well as allows counselors and facilitators an opportunity for co-leadership and provides more resources for them as well as reduces the possibility of frustration by both counselor and client when in an individual setting. c. What new research do the authors generate by writing this article? The authors generate new research which will involve further evaluation of the results and application of the approach in a different setting.It also foresees the possibility of employing other tools such as a more extensive questionnaire and the use of other forms of quantitative measures. Another consideration for future research is exploring the comparisons of evaluations between those who are not returning for the sessions and those who are actually returning. Ultimately, it opens the research of finding means of making clients satisfied after the first session. References Keats, P. (2008). Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33, 297-316.

Comparison of the works of Caravaggio and of one of his followers Essay

Comparison of the works of Caravaggio and of one of his followers - Essay Example The figure of Jesus Christ can hardly be noticed in the painting. He has been portrayed as a young man wearing very simple clothes and no shoes. The faint halo over his head is the only feature that helps an onlooker to distinguish him from the other figures around him. His posture also seems very noble and gracious, and in a way indicates his divinity by suggesting his command over the ray of light entering the room. The â€Å"Calling of St. Matthew† is a grand and multi-figured composition that can be partitioned into two sides. The figures on the left side of the painting constitute a horizontal rectangle, while the remaining two figures on the right constitute a vertical rectangular block. The basis of demarcation between the two sides of the painting is the clothing of the characters. The index of Jesus pointing at Matthew serves as a line of demarcation between the two sides of light and shadow. Another marked feature is Caravaggio's use of lighting technique or tenebris m that he used to add a dramatic element to his images. This discretionary use of light and shadow effects helped his characters to appear more natural, lively and identifiable. The artist has thrown a diagonal light from a high window across the wall over the main figures and left the rest in the shadow. This technique, known as cellar lighting, helps to highlight some of the features, emotions and actions of the protagonists in the painting. Caravaggio has filled his canvas with vivid colors and hues from his palette.

Pulp Fiction Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pulp Fiction Review - Research Paper Example Tarantino’s application of style in the Pulp Fiction is a representation of emerging approaches. It is centered on a movie context rather than real life. The use of alteration and paradox gives new energy to the film and gives its audience a new experience. The infamous Pulp Fiction is a tale of a number of connected lives of two men who make a living from killing, a boxer who is aging, a mob boss, accompanied with his wife. The story revolves around the lives of these individuals as they experience a number of unsettling, intense, memorable, comic and emotional situations. In a review of the film, Ebert Roger describes it as being a comic film that revolves around drugs, violence, blood, unusual sex, dead bodies and other graphic details. The plot of events and the theme of the film seem to be strange. Tarantino matures every scene sufficiently by the use of a variety of cinematic aspects, which transforms the film into an iconic and a memorable masterpiece (LoBrutto, 76). Ta rantino applies cinematography, editing, affectivity of sound and mise-en-scene to warn the audience of any events transitioning, introduce scenes, enlighten the audience hidden traits about the characters and enhance anticipation while maintaining suspense. This is evident in a scene where Vincent has to pick up Mia from Wallace’s house for the night. The scene commences with a tracking shot of him making his way to the front door in which his body forms a silhouette in the front door. The cameras capture for a brief moment the note that has been taped to the door and then make a zoom in on the note. The interests of the audience are maintained by the shift to Mia’s voice which narrates the note and this explains the content to the audience. Vincent enters the door and Tarantino’s expertise when it comes to mise-en-scence becomes apparent (Jewers, 99). The effect that immediately captures the eye is the color scheme of the house. Almost every item is white in c olor, which the inclusion of the couch, carpets, walls, lamps to even the shirt that Mia is wearing. For the enhancement of the white color scheme, key front lighting is used in the scene. This color also adds irony to the film since white in often linked to purity, yet the inhabitants of the house are far from innocent. One addicted to crack while the other is a mob boss. Juxtaposition is also introduced with regard to the fact that Vincent is wearing a black suit yet the rest of the house is white in color. Analysts may suggest that this is a premonition that he has no place in the house and that bad misfortune will befall him if he stays in the house. The house has also been designed to appear to be very modern since various forms of modern technologies have been incorporated into the house such as cameras that are able to watch over the main rooms (Polan, 133). While Vincent if unaware that he is being watched by Mia through a camera viewing station, he walks around the house at ease. To maintain the entertainment value of such a scene, Tarantino makes use of non-dietetic sound, despite the fact that it was coming from the record player, but the audience is not aware of that aspect until the end of the scene. The song is about a about a girl that is in love with the son of the

TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

TV - Essay Example Notably, Simba goes to exile as Scar succeeds the king. Nevertheless, after maturing, the young lion returns to the Pride Lands to challenge his evil uncle to end his rule (Allers Film). The Lion King has received a lot of praise subject to its plot, music, and animation. Indeed, the Lion King is a captivating and entertaining animated film. The Disney film shows how the young lion suffered under the jealous and evil Scar who killed his brother, Mufasa to inherit to take over power in Pride Lands (Allers Film). The film shows Scar as a devil with dark brown-red fur and green eyes. His cunning and charismatic enabled him to gain immense support from his enemies to conquer the young lion. However, despite Scar’s craving for power, the film depicts Scar as a coward and Simba as a brave person (Allers Film). Indeed, the film presents Simba as a young lion hero seeking to find his identity in nature and follow his father’s

Business Plan (3Gen Informatics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Plan (3Gen Informatics) - Essay Example A business plan is often considered to be a crucial step for an entrepreneur intending to inaugurate new business venture or expand business unit to a newly located marketplace. The plan generally assists an entrepreneur towards performing various operations resulting in attaining superior competitive position in the respective industry. With this concern, this paper intends to prepare a realistic along with a practical business plan for the proposed business venture relating to computer sales and service. In order to increase the viability of the business plan concerning the above depicted business venture, the business plan s would encompass various aspects associated with the type of business. In this similar context, the plan would clearly depict the business including its offerings, sales and marketing strategies, information of management groups and their roles amid other relevant factors. Brief Overview of the Venture 3Gen Informatics is a proposed business organization which would deal with the business of computer sales and service. ... inclusive collection of selling computer systems including hardware, software and network trouble shooting for small, medium and large business industries. The services of the organization will be focused on designing and installing network systems, computer hardware along with software supports and training programs. The objective of 3Gen Informatics would be to provide individuals with wide range of services consisting of providing solutions to network problems, hardware and software upgrades, repairing hardware and many more. Thus, the initial investment will be less as the company will focus on services more rather than selling hardware components. Additionally, the company would also recruit five new members in order to accomplish its different computer sale and service related functions. Choice of Sources of Funds for Your Business with Justification Preparing an effective and valid financial plan can be duly considered as one of the major aspects for entrepreneurs to develop a n effective business plan. The financial forecast of the business plan would typically involve various major outlines of identifying different costs that are required to start and operate the overall process of the organization. An effective and authentic financial plan for a business involves various attributes such as balance sheet, cash flow and profit statement which aids in accomplishing feasible and profitable outcome from the business operations (Byrne, n.d.). In this regard, the initial investment for starting up a business would require greater initiatives from the owners or the partners. In relation to the proposed business venture, a projection of US$ 100,000 can be made in order to start up the venture including all required expenses. In this regard, a sum of US$ 60,000 would

Security in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Security in E-Business - Essay Example Information is a significant business asset for any online enterprise. Therefore, protecting it from other competitors in the market is relevant for a business organization. Security for e-business can suitably protect information from a number of threats while focusing on the following perspectives (â€Å"Protecting†, 2008).  In the age of the Internet, it is quite easy to create, alter and transmit information. Besides, â€Å"the advancement in computing capacity and interconnectivity has presented a situation where small efforts can cause potentially large losses† (Otuteye, 2003). That is why concern for information security is a must for all small and big e-business organizations.  There are numerous ways to attack an e-business setup by various hackers, competitors and even displeased insiders. e-business enterprises should conduct evaluation processes on their technological capabilities including multiple areas (â€Å"Approach to e-business security†, 2 007),  Security in e-business is an ongoing process that has to deal with both existing and new threats. A good security program always ensures continuous improvement. It is without the doubt that security does add to the cost of business at initial phases. But in the long run, it can do tremendously well in saving money, earning a good reputation as well as customers for the company. After all, what matters most at the end of e-business or generally any business enterprise is the trust and credibility one builds and maintains with customers and business partners.

Management Challenges for Social Enterprises Term Paper

Management Challenges for Social Enterprises - Term Paper Example From the point of view of asset management, a social enterprise can increase the overall diversification of the portfolio while, at the same time, add more ethical trading and investing philosophy into the overall portfolio management also. It is believed that portfolio managers may have only to invest in the commercial entities to generate more value for their clients. Overall risk diversification and return strategies are, therefore, often tailored according to the dynamics of how a for-profit business operates and generates more value for the portfolio managers. Non-Profit wealth creation through social enterprise is viable and sustainable activity and can increase the overall well-being of the society while, at the same time, allowing asset managers to actually diversify their risks and also add more ethical investing and portfolio management orientation to the whole process of asset management (Field, 2014). This paper will be focusing on understanding the impact of non-profit w ealth creation on the overall portfolio risk and return. This paper will further add on to whether the non-profit wealth creation will add more ethical orientation to the portfolio management or not. Before discussing further, it is critical to developing the comprehensive understanding of what a social enterprise is and how it operates and creates value for all stakeholders. The overall concept and idea of a social enterprise existed for long. However, it has recently gained more momentum with large organizations such as Dannon entering into joint ventures to form social enterprises. A social enterprise’s focus is on the use of commercial strategies and tactics to achieve more value and improvement in the human and environmental well-being.

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 3-SLP) Essay

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 3-SLP) - Essay Example This population increase lead to the societal changes proposed by Durkheim, namely that an increase in population would lead to a more dense society with more specialization. This in turn would then influence future patterns of population growth or decrease. The growth in both countries is very similar. Rapid population growth in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was caused by an influx of emigrants. Neither one of these nations has experienced any significant amount of out-migration. Traditionally they have been the destination for immigrants. Both countries also show aspects of the Theory of Demographic Transition. The projected population shows a leveling of growth over the next few decades. This growth is then shown to decrease indefinitely for some time afterwards. The burning question is can these countries sustain continued growth for the next few decades before an overall decline is realized, or are we already at the threshold of the carrying capacity of our ecosystem. Some neo-Malthusians would argue that the greatest hope for humanity is an increase in the death rate, thus slowing the growth of the population. Canada and Brazil are both countries with vast natural resources and lots of open space. The advanced economy of Canada and the growing economy of Brazil seem to indicate that they will be able to provide growth and a high standard of living for much of their population into the near future. But as Eberstadt points out in his article, population growth or decline is largely determined by culture, so projections of growth or decline are tricky to make (Eberstadt, 2003). According to the Rule of 69, Canada’s population is expected to double in about 68 years. This is calculated based on the current change in population change from 2007-2008 of 1.01%. Brazil is expected to double its population in about 73 years based on an annual growth of .96%. It does not seem likely that this doubling will

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay Example for Free

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay After reading A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, I felt that I had a better grasp of the relationship between men and women in the Victorian era. The man was all- powerful in this time; women were well in the background, subservient and dependent on men in all areas of her life. It was surprising to me that women were not allowed to sign legal documents, such a personal loan without a mans signature. Total dependency had to be a tough pill to swallow for strong willed women. I am sure that many clever and cunning women were able to manipulate the men in their lives, letting the man believe that they were in full control of the relationship. However the majority of women who were not able to assert themselves as forcefully as I am sure they wished. Men were able to run the household through kind or cruel intentions. In Noras case Torvald was a kind man, however it seemed to me that he was always belittling her with subtle, gentle verbal abuse that Nora absorbed like a sponge. Nora tolerated these actions as long as there was security for her and her children. Women of this era married mainly for security rather than love. If there was love in a marriage it was a by product of chance and a blessing, not the usual state of affairs between men and women. When Nora finally realizes that Torvald is not a man of honor the need for security and dependence is broken. Nora prays for a miracle of miracles hoping that Torvald will come to her rescue and be her Knight on a white horse and save her from dishonor for the illegal loan she signed for. She prayed that Torvald would take the blame and leave her blameless and spotless. Even though she states at the same time that she would not let him take the blame for her actions, she wished that he would place his reputation and the line for hers. In this Nora is a remarkable woman. She only wants Torvald to make the gesture so she can respect and look up to him, to see that he is a man of honor and strength. But she sees that he is a hypocrite and with that the break in their one-sided marriage is complete. She realizes that she does  not know who she is but she is determined to take the journey and find out what kind of women she is. She must leave her doll house and go out in the real world and find out what she is made of. I feel that Nora will find that she is a better person than most people that she knows in her sheltered and pampered life. The decision to leave her husband and children was shocking in her day and how the people must have gossiped. Wagging their fingers at her saying For shamed, for shamed. Nora was not even truly raising her children; she had Anne Marie for that task. Nora simply entertained the children in a superficial relationship. She no longer respected Torvald; she did not even know who she was. She had to leave to find Nora, the Nora that never was, so she had to go.

Child abuse and neglect

Child abuse and neglect Child Abuse: Real-life vs. A Child Called It According to the US Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, about 4,000,000 children die each year as a result of child abuse and neglect (Bob 12). Child abuse refers to nonaccidental harm that is inflicted on children by their parents or other adults (Magill 218). Many people do not take child abuse seriously because they either believe that harsh discipline is necessary, or they do not realize how bad it really is. Both child abuse and neglect are serious social problems that often have a lasting negative impact on the development of minors (Magill 218). Due to the incredibly violent and graphic nature of A Child Called It, readers may not believe the encounters are factual. However, they most regrettably are true. The abusive actions in A Child Called It parallel those of real-life child abuse cases. Abuse mostly occurs in families who are young, poor, and single (Palmisano 228). When families are going through hard times, there is a lot of stress that comes along with it. With all of this stress, the parents take it out on their children. Having a crisis in the home heightens the chances that a child will be abused (Bob 15). A familys relationship is a very important part of the system in the household. Domestic violence and parental issues are also contributing problems in reoccurring child abuse cases. Parents who abuse each other are more likely to abuse their child as well, because violence in one aspect of family life often flows into other aspects (Rein 54). Families in which the wife hits the husband, the child abuse rate was considerably higher, resulting in 22.9 children per one hundred children (Rein 54). There has also been found a correlation between family income and child abuse and neglect, (Rein 52). Child abuse cases are more likely to occur in households where money is in short supply, especially if the caregivers are unemployed (Bob 15). Difficulty in the family structure can also trigger child abuse. Children in single-family households were at higher risk of physical abuse and all types of neglect than were children in other family structures (Rein 51). In A Child Called It Dave Pelzer suffers child abuse at the hands of his alcoholic mother. It was not like this all the time. At first she was a loving and caring mother, and then she changed dramatically. Together they used to have good times. They would always spend all their time together, going to the zoo and the park, until the family slowly started to split apart. Pelzers father was a firefighter, so he worked many twenty-four hour shifts, which caused problems between him and his wife. If parents are having problems in their relationship, then they take out their anger on others. In Pelzers situation, his mother took care of all her feelings by drinking and abusing her son. Most people believe that the fathers are abusers because they are bigger and stronger, but it is mostly the women. In fact, there are many households where the woman of the family beats the man: 80% of fatal maltreatment cases were attributed to women, that is for both child abuse, and spouse abuse (Carey 23). Many people believe that women are not capable of child abuse because of their maternal instinct, but woman are the abusive ones. According to Carey, 58% of child abuse is by the mother. Many abusers inflict abuse onto their kids because that is how they grew up. The severity of child abuse, and the manner in which children are abused, bears a strong resemblance to the type of maltreatment experienced by their mothers (Kim 54). Another big contributing factor to child abuse is substance abuse. There are some cases where there is drug abuse, but the most common substance is alcohol. According to the Children of Alcoholics Foundation, 40 percent of confirmed child abuse cases involve the use of alcohol or other drugs (Kim 54). In most cases, with or without depression as a factor, studies indicate that a major contributing factor to child abuse is alcohol or drug addiction (Kim 54). In A Child Called It, the abuse is done by Pelzers alcoholic mother. With the father gone, the mother made herself useless and drunk. At times while Father was away at work, she would spend the entire day lying on the couch, dressed only in her bathrobe, watching television. Mom got up only to go to the bathroom, get another drink or heat leftover food (Pelzer 30). Shortly after this phase of being lazy, she started to abuse her son, with alcohol at her side. Whenever child abuse is suspected, the most important thing to do is to report it. Many people do not report child abuse, which may result in the child dying. There are so many reasons that people do not report child abuse, and it becomes a big mistake: 60% failed to report child maltreatment because they did not have enough evidence that the child had been maltreated (Rein 23). Whether there is a lot of evidence or not, all child abuse suspicions should be reported because it could save a childs life. Also, around 16% failed to report because they did not think CPS would do a good job (Rein 23). Whether it is believed that they would do a good job or not, letting someone know what is going on can make the smallest difference in a childs life. One-third of the mandated reporters thought the abuse was not serious enough to warrant reporting (Rein 23). There are many organizations today that will help if there is suspected child abuse, without putting the victim in any further danger. For example, there are the Societies for the Cruelty to Children, American Human Association, Child Welfare League, National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence, and much more (Dolan 60-68). In A Child Called It all of the teachers knew about Pelzers abuse but did not say anything. According to Pelzer, every day when he walked into school he went to the nurse for their daily routine. She would ask him to remove his clothes and check all over his body for new marks. All of the teachers knew but were afraid to say something. Mr. Hansen, one of the teachers that knew about this, even called home one night to talk to his mother. When Pelzer got home that night he got a beating because of it. Child abuse is a serious crime. Many people are afraid to intervene, but they should. Many people do not really believe that child abuse is as bad as they hear from different stories, but it really is. In A Child Called It, most things that happen in real life child abuse cases, was present in the book. In both real life and in Pelzers story, the family was experiencing trouble in the structure and relationships. Also, the abuser was the mother figure. And the worse thing of all is the community negligence. Many people do not say anything, whether what they suspect is really happening or not. Child abuse is real and Dave Pelzer experienced it first hand.

Importance of Sleep in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English Lit

Macbeth: The Importance of Sleep Macbeth Sleep is a time when our minds are at rest and the subconscious comes out to play. Sleep is oftentimes considered the place where we are able to see into our future and perhaps figure out how to solve our problems. Sleep is also what heals and cures our minds and bodies. Without sleep we slowly begin to disintegrate. Mind and body no longer cooperate without the healing force sleep brings with it. Shakespeare uses sleep both as a reward and as a consequence in his plays. If a character is innocent and pure, he is allowed restful, fulfilling sleep. If the character lacks these traits of goodness, he is condemned to a lifetime of insomnia and other problems. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the reader can see this idea manifest itself in many different ways. From the beginning, when Macbeth hears the voice to the end of the play when Lady Macbeth sleepwalks, the reader sees many examples of this use of sleep. One first encounters the idea of sleep in Macbeth when the central character, Macbeth, murders the sleeping king. After the murder, Macbeth believes he hears a voice cry out, "Sleep no more†¦ Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more"(II.ii.58-60)! At this point the reader does not really think much of this warning, assuming it to merely be Macbeth's guilty conscience rather than anything important. But as the signs of the voice's prophecy begin to surface like the symptoms of a disease, Macbeth slowly becomes irrational and ruthless. This is partially due to the, "terr... ...ally 'good' people were changed drastically after sleep was withheld from them. King Duncan and his sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, were considered innocent in this play and therefore they were allowed to sleep. Their sleep was a restful, healing sleep that gave them clear judgment and, in the case of the sons, the will to avenge the wrongful death of their beloved father. For their 'good behaviour' they were able to sleep unhindered. Innocence and purity in a Shakespearean play have rewards attached to them. If a character is good, he is allowed a deep, peaceful, refreshing sleep. If he is evil, he is barred from sleep as a reminder of and a punishment for his wrongdoing. This, in turn, leads to a decline in his mental, emotional and physical well being as is evidenced in Macbeth by the plight of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

A General History of the Caribbean :: Caribbean History Culture Cultural Essays

A General History of the Caribbean When one undertakes an historical study, any success in the undertaking is arguably predicated on an understanding of the subject to be studied. Knowing the culture of a given people or region, the geography and climate of its habitation, the attitudes of the people and their current political comportment – all of these breathe life into the subject. It is this deepening familiarization that gives life to the historical figures and events of that subject. Perhaps nowhere is this preliminary requirement more necessary than when undertaking an historical study of the Caribbean islands. This archipelago of fifty small to moderate sized inhabited units that span a coarse 2,500 mile arc above the north side of Central and South America represent a very similar and yet very diverse group of people and cultures. Sharing a common climate, they contain a variety of terrain. Subjected to European invasion and conquest, then populated involuntarily by black African slaves under an oppressively dominating plantation system, the dissimilar timing of these very common circumstances lead to a curious variety of cultures. Conversely, the many languages spoken and the several cultural manifestations that are apparent in this region do not obliterate an essentially consistent ambience, a common rhythm that is unmistakably Caribbean. It is this contradiction, this sameness and yet difference, that makes a vigorous introductory approach such a compelling and, in itself, such a diversified component of this historical study. Even more important than the natural lure of anthropological or sociological considerations in their own right is the insufficiency of chronological political events alone to frame a general history of the Caribbean. Unlike many regions that experience clear, defining events and forces in a more or less cohesive fashion, periodization is difficult to construct for Caribbean history. Some pivotal events were confined to the particular island on which they occurred, while others had a regional impact. Furthermore, these latter sometimes did so with the uneven yet certain rhythm of the waves that come across the sea to lap the shores of the receptive neighboring island. This tendency yields a certain proclivity towards eclectic explanatory approaches. Three different yet mutually supportive approaches illustrate the utility of this eclecticism. The Caribbeanist Sidney Mintz employs the analytical approach of a social scientist to identify conditions of common description in his article "the Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area". Antonio Benitez-Rojo injects a decidedly cultural emphasis to his historical narrative of the region in his chapter "From the plantation to the Plantation", taken from his book The Repeating Island.

tragoed The Changing Tragedy of Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire under

The Changing Tragedy of Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire under the Elms Tragedy can easily be considered the greatest of all genres due to the fact that it has withstood the test of time. Formally, tragedy employs something more complex than other genres. It is not part of a life full of happy endings. It is part of a bigger system of things. It is part of who we are. Perhaps tragedy is simply the art that truly imitates life.> Historically speaking, the great rises of tragedy have occurred during times of exceptional affluence. The Greeks, the Renaissance, and the early twentieth century are periods that enjoyed this type of security. Extreme cultural and technological advances marked each of these periods. The Greeks had practically conquered what was known of the world. The Renaissance period was marked by the reign of arguably the greatest monarch in English history, and the early twentieth century saw the rise of some of the greatest technological advances on record. Even though some would argue that we now live in one of the periods of great prosperity, there is not much room for a true tragedy in our society. We have tragedy in the form of the news every day. [more like spectacle] In addition to the historical and formal facets of tragedy, the use of plot is key. Oedipus Rex is considered to be the most true to the form laid out by Aristotle. <Tragedy is marked by a problem of great proportions that must have a resolution. While the problem may seem wholly due to external forces, such as the death of King Hamlet or Eban's mother, spiritual and psychological factors come into play. This is especially evident in Desire of the Elms. The reader knows that there are extreme inte... ...ating the play. In Desire under the Elms, comic relief is noticed in each scene in which the oafish brothers are characters. It should be noted that while there is a general descent towards comedy, the comedy is quite dark in nature. The underlying theme of "fate versus free will" constantly pops up and in each play a mixture of both is exhibited. Finally, the use of spectacle is seen only in Hamlet, especially in the end of the play. Spectacle is even used in the play within a play. Alternately, Oedipus Rex and Desire under the Elms suppress spectacle. O'Neill possibly felt that to show the lovemaking and murder would diminish the message of the play. It would certainly diminish the use of imagination. Overall, the deeper elements of this genre will continue to fascinate the human mind for the centuries to come, just as it has for centuries past.

The analysis of psychological phenomena

The analysis of psychological phenomena can be approached from several perspectives. Each offers somewhat different account of why individuals act the way they do, and each can make a contribution to our perception of the total person and a deeper understanding of a person’s overt and covert behavior. Human activities involves remembering,deciding,reasoning, classifying, planning, and so on- that have traditionally been thought to belong to a group of mental processes generally falling under the label â€Å"cognition. We can think of cognitive activities in terms of tasks. We use one cognitive powers and capacities to carry out all sorts of projects from deciding what to wear to a party to â€Å"keeping tabs† on a bank account. We may use our cognitive powers to solve our problems, fro example to find the shortest route home. These tasks can be performed well or ill, correctly or incorrectly, carefully or carelessly with many intermediate possibilities. Our solutions c an be more or less adequate more or less cleverly arrived at and so on. The study of these activities and the standards to which theory are taken to conform, is cognitive psychology. The modern cognitive perspective is a reaction to the narrowness of behaviorism and the stimulus-response view which tend to neglect complex human activities like reasoning, planning, decision making, and communication. The modern study of cognition is concerned with mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding, and, problem solving. Cognitive approach examines how we process, store, and use information and how these information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel. The modern study of cognition is premised on the supposition that: only by studying mental process can we fully understand what organisms do and why; and we can study mental processes in an objective fashion by focusing on specific behaviors – just as the behaviorists do, but also interpreting them in terms of underlying mental processes. In making these interpretations, cognitive psychologists often rely on an analogy between the mind and the computer. Incoming information is processed in different ways: It is selected, compared, and combine with other or all information already in the memory, transformed, altered, rearranged, organized, and so on. For instance, the simple act of recognizing who it is when a friend phones and says â€Å"Hello† requires you unconsciously to compare her voice to samples of other peoples’ voices that you have already stored in your long-term memory. We can use our sample problems to exemplify the cognitive perspective. When we interpret someone’s behavior, fundamentally we are engaging in the form of reasoning that is what is most likely cause of such action or conduct. Just as we may reason about why and what motivates human behavior. Cognitive approaches to motivation propose that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals- their cognition. Motivation is the emotional stimulus that causes an individual to act. The stimulus maybe a need or drive that energizes certain behaviors. (Feldman, R. 2003 p. 28). If only we fully understand what motivates us, we are more likely to achieve our personal of professional goals. The causes of motivation range from physiological events within our brain that involves cognition and the body where manifestation of covert actions are seen. Psychology have generally proposed that all human behavior is goal directed towards satisfying a felt need. As a conse quence, an unsatisfied needs causes one an inner tension which could be observable physically or psychologically. Then the individual engages in some action to reduce or relieve the tension. The individual wants to do something that will satisfy the perceive needs. For example, a thirsty man needs water, because he is driven by his thirst and is therefore motivated to drink. All humans have needs. They need to breath, eat, drink, and rest. But these needs are only part of a much larger picture. People also need to be accepted, fulfilled, recognized, and appreciated. They need to dream, aspire, desire , and acquire. These motives are all the result of how our cognition work by giving interpretation to what we desire and what the outcome of our goals maybe. Individual’s motives are the inner states that energizes, activates or moves and directs or channels behavior towards certain goals. Motives causes individuals to reach out, to seek fulfillment, and to begin searching for gratification. (Plotnik, R. 1999 p. 331). The cognitive theory explains that we may do things to satisfy our personal beliefs or meet our personal goals. For example, John may have undertaken a life-threatening behavior that is climbing the Mount Fuji of Japan. What motivates John to endure such agony? Cognitive theory’s concept of intrinsic motivation will explain John’s dangerous behavior; thus climbing itself was rewarding, climbing allowed him to meet his own personal goals, beliefs, and expectations. Everyone has their own personal goals, so does John. Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or helps us obtain incentives or external rewards. While, Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectation ( Atkinson et al. 1996 p. 335-337). These two types of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) were additive and could be combine to produce the highest level of motivation. These two forms of motivation may based either on enjoyment or obligation. In this context obligation refers to motivation based on what individuals thinks ought to be done. For instance, a feeling of responsibility for a mission may lead to helping others beyond what is easily observable, rewarded of fun. Intrinsic motivation explains that people volunteer their services, spend hours on hobbies, run marathons, or work on personal projects because these activities are personally rewarding, fulfilling or challenging. Intrinsic motivation emphasizes that we do many things because of personal beliefs, expectations, or goals, rather than external incentives. The concept of intrinsic motivation provides an explanation why humans are motivated to do the things they wanted to do, or to fulfill. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment (like John did), rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us. For example, when a physician works long hours because she loves medicine, intrinsic motivation is prompting her; if she works hard in order to make a lot of money, extrinsic motivation underlies her efforts. We are more apt to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher and higher quality when motivation for a task is intrinsic rather than extrinsic (Rawsthorne & Elliot,1999) . Most explanations on the motivations of human behavior were a combine elements of Bernard Weiner’s attribution theory, and Bandura’s work on self- efficacy and other studies relating to locus of control and goal orientation. Thus it is thought that the students are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation if they attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control the amount of effort they put in, not ‘fixed ability'; believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (e. g. the results are not determined by dumb luck. ;are motivated towards deep ‘mastery' of a topic, instead of just rote-learning ‘performance' to get good grades. The cognitive concept of motivation is based upon several assumptions about people and what people think and do. More specifically, the needs view of motivation seems to assume the following that; individual are aware of their own personal needs in a conscious manner. Each individua l knows whether lets say the belongingness needs are personally important- as they perceived it to be, whether power needs are greater than security needs, and so forth. People recognize urgencies and are capable of putting them down into their priority; motives are primarily internal needs and not created by environment again as how interpreted it is to be; that more people are capable of assessing activities available to them to determine that if they do well and receive rewards for their performance, the result will be the fulfillment of known and interpreted to be their internal needs; and lastly, individuals are future oriented in their motivational drives. Instead looking to past performances and past rewards, the individuals are also concerned about existing and future unfilled needs, not the past fulfilled ones. In 1941, Miller and Dollard proposed a theory of social learning and imitation that rejected behaviourist notions of associationism in favor of drive reduction principles. It was a theory of learning, however, that failed to take into account the creation of novel responses or the processes of delayed and non-reinforced imitations. In 1963, Bandura and Walters broadened the frontiers of social learning theory with the now familiar principles of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement. By the 1970s, however, Bandura was becoming aware that a key element was missing not only from the prevalent learning theories of the day but from his own social learning theory. Bandura (1986) advanced a view of human functioning that accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory, and self-reflective processes in human adaptation and change. People are viewed as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating rather than as reactive organisms shaped and shepherded by environmental forces or driven by concealed inner impulses. From this theoretical perspective, human functioning is viewed as the product of a dynamic interplay of personal, behavioural, and environmental influences. For example, how people interpret the results of their own behaviour informs and alters their environments and the personal factors they possess which, in turn, inform and alter subsequent behaviour. This is the foundation of Bandura's (1986) conception of reciprocal determinism, the view that personal factors in the form of cognition, affect, and biological events, behaviour, and environmental influences create interactions that result in a triadic reciprocality. Bandura altered the label of his theory from social learning to social â€Å"cognitive† both to distance it from prevalent social learning theories of the day and to emphasize that cognition plays a critical role in people's capability to construct reality, self-regulate, encode information, and perform behaviour. The cognitive approach to motivation suggests basically that people are mentally aware of how situations around them appeal to their needs. At the same time, people recognize the consequences and effects of their own personal actions as those actions results in either rewards or penalties. The key to motivation is the fact that the performer senses or comprehends what is taking place. As the power- oriented individual can be expected to respond to the opportunity to gain more power, so may the friendship-starved individual be appealed to by the opportunity for socializing- all these means to the attainment of one’s urgent need or to accomplish needs as perceived or construe them to be.

Apollo Group Phoenix University Essay

What constitutes as training? The answer to this question is there is formal and informal training. Formal training is those programs that take place in an educational or training institution, with the goal of obtaining a certificate, diploma, or degree. A broader definition could also include structured activities that are not part of formal training and often referred to as non-credit on â€Å"non-informal learning activities†-usually called â€Å" informal learning†- are not usually considered to constitute training per se, but they may influence participation by learners. The objective of trainings in my selected organization is based on its strategy to out beat its competitors through delivery of quality products in an on time delivery status and this is accomplished through informal trainings (Palameta, Meyers, Gyarmati, Voyer, 2014). The relationship between training programs design and capabilities are to recognize the purpose of the training program which is to help employees learn the skills needed to help the organization accomplish its strategies in meeting customers’ expectations of services and products offered by the company and to build on wealth for its shareholders. To design an efficient training program it is up to the trainer to establish what the capabilities of the organizations employees are to become effective learners and what changes in behaviors of employees contribute to specific learning outcomes, this would include, verbal information, which is recall of names or labels, facts and bodies of knowledge. It includes specialized knowledge that employees need in their jobs, for example in my selected organization which is a distribution center for Hon Furniture Manufacture, it is imperative that employees know the technique of using a scanner to scan product into location, label product for specific stops on delivery and stage those specific products in the correct loading zones. All of these function rely on recall of information. Intellectual skills which consist of concepts and rules. This is important  trait for employees to have for solving problems, serving customers and creating problems. In the Hon organization employees input and ideals are encouraged on how to move product in the most efficient safe and timely manner, employees are rewarded for ideals that best suit the companies day to day operations. Motors skills are critical for Hon Distribution Center as motors skill include coordination of physical movement, employees that are hired to do the job for the company must be able to left product in a safe manner and move product to different location within the facility and load product into specified transportation vehicles. All employees start the day with a trainer guided exercise before the start of work each work day. And are required to attend trainings for safe lifting practices each year (Noe, 2011). Attitudes of employees toward the organization is important, it consist of the beliefs and behavior of each individual employee, It is important to the organization that each employee is recognized for hard work done and that the employee are given a chance to express thoughts and given feedback on work performance before the end of each shift. Employees are made to feel that their beliefs and thoughts matter to the organization and that they are not just considered workers for the company. Cognitive strategies relate to the process of learning, employees are directed during the learning process to relate learning material to the importance of being able to complete a job for the organization in the most efficient and safe manner and how to solve problems when they arise on the job (Noe, 2011). References Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From – To. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.

Dr. Jose Rizal’s My Last Farewell: Last Notes Before His Execution

â€Å"Mi ultimo adios† (Spanish  for â€Å"My Last Farewell†) is a  poem  written by  Philippine  national hero Dr  Jose Rizal  on the eve of his  executionon 30 December 1896. This poem was one of the last notes he wrote before his death; another that he had written was found in his shoe but because the text was illegible, its contents remains a mystery. Title Rizal did not ascribe a title to his poem. Mariano Ponce, his friend and fellow reformist, titled it  Mi Ultimo Pensamiento  (My Last Thought) in the copies he distributed, but this did not catch on. â€Å"On the afternoon of Dec. 29, 1896, a day before his execution, Dr.Jose Rizal was visited by his mother, Teodora Alonzo, sisters Lucia, Josefa, Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa, and two nephews. When they took their leave, Rizal told Trinidad in English that there was something in the small alcohol stove (cocinilla), not alcohol lamp (lamparilla). The stove was given to Narcisa by the guard when the party was about to board their carriage in the courtyard. At home, the Rizal ladies recovered from the stove a folded paper. On it was written an unsigned, untitled and undated poem of 14 five-line stanzas. The Rizals reproduced copies of the poem and sent them to Rizal's friends in the country and abroad.In 1897, Mariano Ponce in Hong Kong had the poem printed with the title â€Å"Mi Ultimo Pensamiento. † Fr. Mariano Dacanay, who received a copy of the poem while a prisoner in Bilibid (jail), published it in the first issue of  La Independencia  on Sept. 25, 1898 with the title â€Å"Ultimo Adios†. †Ã‚  [1] The stove was not delivered until after the execution as Rizal needed it to light the room. This 14-stanza poem of Jose Rizal talks about his â€Å"Goodbyes† to his dear Fatherland where his love is dedicated to. He wrote it on the evening before his execution. Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd Pearl of the Orient seas, our E den lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. On the field of battle, ‘mid the frenzy of fight, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. Interpretation The first stanza speaks about Rizal’s beautiful description of his Fatherland. He used the biblical Eden to describe the Pre-Hispanic Philippines which is an imaginary time of purity and innocence.He adores the beautiful country that he and others are fighting for. He said that he is glad to give his life to Filipinas even though his life was brighter, fresher, or more blest than it is  now  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ pertaining to the time when he wrote the poem. The second stanza speaks about the men who gave their life to his beloved country. Riza l said that their dedication and patriotism to the country is without second thoughts. It doesn’t matter how one struggles, that all struggles, all deaths, are worth it if it is for the good of the country. The third stanza speaks about Rizal’s love of liberty.The image of dawn that Rizal used in the first line signifies the liberation that he adores. In the third and fourth line, he says that if the colour of liberation lacks his blood, he must die for the country to attain freedom. The fourth stanza presents the flashback of Rizal’s love for the patria that started when he was young. He was young when he saw the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA and promised that he would dedicate himself to avenge one day for those victims. His dreams were to see his country in eminent liberation, free from sorrow and grief. The fifth stanza repeats Rizal’s dream of complete liberation. All Hail! † signifies that he is positively welcoming the dawn of freedom after his d eath. He also repeats what he has said in the third stanza that it is his desire to dedicate his life to the Patria. The sixth stanza describes the image of Rizal’s grave being forgotten someday. The grassy sod may represent the country’s development, the growth of liberty, and that with the redemption of the country, he becomes forgotten. Rizal does not say here that he wants monuments, streets, or schools in his name, just a fond kiss and a warm breath so he could feel he is not forgotten.In the seventh stanza, Rizal says he wants to see or feel the moon, dawn, wind, and a bird over his grave. The moon’s beam may represent a night without its gloom like a country without its oppressors. The imagery of dawn has been repeated here and its radiant flashes represent the shining light of redemption that sheds over his honour. Only the wind will lament over his grave. The bird does not lament him but sings of peace, the peace that comes with liberation and the peace with which he rests below.In the eighth stanza, the metaphor of the sun drawing the vapors up to the sky signifies that the earth is being cleansed by the sun like taking away the sorrows and tears that has shed including his last cry. Line 3 reminds us to remember why he died – for the redemption of the country. And he wants to hear a prayer in the still evening – evening because he may also want to see a beam of light from the moon which he stated in the stanza 7, and that it is before the  dawn. Prayers he stated that will make him rest in peace in God’s hands.Rizal said in the ninth stanza that he also wants his fellowmen to also pray for others who also have died and suffered for the country. Also pray for the mothers, the orphans and widows, and the captives who also have cried and have tortured, and again, for his soul to rest in peace. The tenth stanza says that Rizal’s tomb is on the graveyard with the other dead people. Rizal says that in the night, he does not want to be disturbed in his rest along with the others and the mystery the graveyard contains. And whenever we hear a sad song emanating from the grave, it is he who sings for his fatherland.In the eleventh stanza, Rizal says a request that his ashes be spread by the plough before it will no longer take significance. His ashes represent his thoughts, words, and philosophy making it his intellectual remains. The symbolic ashes should be spread all over Filipinas to fertilize the new free country long after he is forgotten. The twelfth stanza again speaks about being forgotten but Rizal does not care about it anymore. Oblivion does not matter for he would travel far and wide over his beloved fatherland. He keeps his faith with him as he sings his hymn for the nation.Rizal says goodbye to his adored Fatherland in the thirteenth stanza. He gives goodbye to his parents, friends, and the small children. He gives everything to Filipinas. Now, he satisfies his death by s aying he will be going to a place where there is peace – no slaves, no oppressors, no killed faith. He is going to a place where God rules over – not the tyrants. Finally, in the last stanza, Rizal cries his farewell to all his fellowmen – his childhood friends, and his sweet friend that lightened his way. In the last line, he repeats that â€Å"In Death there is rest! † which means that he, being ready to be executed, is happy to die in peace.

Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth

Aristotelian Tragedy: Macbeth Aristotle is known widely for developing his ideas on tragedy. He recorded these ideas in his Poetics in which he comments on the plot, purpose, and effect that a true tragedy must have. The structure of these tragedies has been an example for many writers including Shakespeare himself. Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era.

Visual rhitoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual rhitoric - Essay Example Perhaps the most notable modern day company using this advertising approach is Apple, Inc. This essay examines the visual rhetoric behind Apple’s ‘Think different’ print advertisement arguing that it functions as a means of inspiring the consumer and positioning Apple, Inc. as an alternative to other forms of computer technology. The Apple ‘Think different’ print advertisement is one element of a large-scale marketing approach that also included a variety of television advertisements. The advertisement was originally featured in mainstream publications such as Time and Newsweek (Isaacson). One of the reasons I chose this advertisement is because it is an aspect of visual rhetoric that I readily identify with. I find the message inspiring, even while I recognize that it functions as means of capitalizing on my consumer status. In these regards, I am intrigued by its message and means of ‘inspiring’ or perhaps manipulating me into buying Apple, Inc. products. Indeed, Steve Jobs once noted that, â€Å"Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact, and that is - everything around you that you call life, was made up by people that were no smarter than you. And you can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use† ("YouTube") . Within this advertisement are emotions that engender this perspective and both motivate the consumer towards purchasing Apple products and using them change things. This specific print advertisement, figure 1, is unique in that it is highly minimalistic. As can be seen the advertisement contains a black background with the Apple logo and the phrase ‘Think different’ featured underneath the logo. Still, it’s clear there are a number of complex rhetorical elements at work within this design. The first consideration is the Apple logo itself. This logo has been a part of the Apple corporation since its inception in the early 1980s. In these

3. How does Poe use setting as a Gothic element in The Fall of the Essay

3. How does Poe use setting as a Gothic element in The Fall of the House of Usher, William Wilson, and The Tell Tale Heart - Essay Example Thus, references to ‘a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year’, ‘clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens’, ‘passing alone, on horseback’, ‘singularly dreary tract of country’, ‘the melancholy House of Usher’, etc in the story clearly indicate that the author makes use of the setting of the story as a means to create the Gothic mood. A reflective analysis of the Gothic elements in this story confirms that there is an absolute emphasis on setting – both exterior (landscape) and interior (houses and mansion). The author makes use of the fungi covered front of the mansion to create the unusual setting of the story. Similarly, Edgar Allan Poe employs savage actions in the Gothic setting in the story â€Å"William Wilson† which tells about the life and crime of the narrator. The author obviously brings out the Gothic setting of the story when he refers to ‘large, rambling, Elizabethan house, in a misty-looking village of England’, ‘vast number of gigantic and gnarled trees’, ‘dream-like and spirit-soothing place’, ‘the stillness of the dusky atmosphere’, etc. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† by Poe is another significant example of how the author uses setting as a Gothic element. In this story, the dark, disconcerting location, death and decay, and the existence of evil and madness, etc bring about the Gothic elements and Poe’s works are celebrated for the exceptional use of medieval settings, shadowy atmospheres, and mysterious and violent

FMS Optimisation using Discrete Event Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Essay

FMS Optimisation using Discrete Event Simulation and Genetic Algorithm - Essay Example The production planning in the manufacturing systems are forecasted using Enterprise Resource Planning package recently. Since the market demand varies every now and then the process has to be driven based on that. Flexible manufacturing system functions by utilising these advancements and deliver multiple products of sufficient quantity as per the demand. Genetic Algorithms are found to provide solutions for real-time problems in various operations. It has been used conveniently for researchers for various search and optimization problems. Owing to the problems associated with FMS optimization using Genetic algorithm and discrete simulation system this present project is initiated. Kazuhiro Saitou et al. (2002) presented a robust design of FMS using colored Petri nets and genetic algorithm. In their work it was found that the resource allocation and operation schedule were modelled as colored Petri nets. Their robust model designed minimized the production cost under multiple operation plan. It as able to handle large data sets conveniently as well as operates flexibly by using an genetic algorithm merged with shortest imminent operation time dispatching rule and automatically finds the optimal resource. These kinds of simulation can be more applicable in situation where there is varied job specification. Discrete event simulation The discrete event simulation works powerfully in optimization and decision-making process in manufacturing systems. Merchawl and Elmaraghy (1998) developed an analytical approach to customize the discrete event simulation for decision-making in flexible manufacturing systems. Planning horizon, the overall system average interarrival time and the average number of workstation influences the simulation run time. In their approach they reduced the simulation run time by aggregating the number of workstations. They also validated their methods with sample and control measures by running the applications with and without aggregation of the workstation. The results showed a 400% time reduction with fewer errors. Mostly the Genetic Algorithms (GA) is coupled with other techniques or processes to handle complex situation. Studies carried out revealed that increasing the mutation rates above optimum level cannot solve the problems associated. The study was focused on finding methods to improve the performance of GA by improving the average fitness of the initial population, P. Fenton and P. Walsh (2005) Review and Analysis The project will focus on initial aspects of reviewing the present complications and problems associated with the utilities of GA and Discrete event simulation methods. The first phase of review will focus on identifying the present application of these algorithms in various domains and its recent advancements. The next phase of the review analysis will be focused towards identifying all the limitations of these systems at the implementations

Media Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media Study - Coursework Example The aim of having as much information on one page is to save on printing results. This results in properties been placed wherever space is available to accommodate them. In order to find a property the customer would essentially have to go through the whole brochure which is time consuming. Additionally, the customer will be overwhelmed with too many options. Furthermore, if houses are sold the customer is not aware until contact is made with the sales agent. New Communications Context – Online Publication The product will be digitised so that it can be uploaded online. The first page of the magazine will have different sections indicating the types of properties available - townhouses, two family houses, apartments, etc. These will be hyperlinked to the relevant pages. There will also be requirements for additional inputs to narrow users search. See New York Mag (n.d.). These will include inputs for lower and upper limit of price range and location. Here the customer will not have to waste time searching through irrelevant information. All relevant pages in the online brochure will be linked to the home page. The online edition will also allow the potential purchaser to view the property inside out by way of a virtual tour of the house. Additional information on the property will be accessed by way of a hyperlink. These include contact details.

Comparative legal system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Comparative legal system - Essay Example In a religious legal system all the religious laws converge to one ultimate concept and that is religion. However in a secular legal system, by contrast, changes and amendments forms a necessary part of the process as the concept of the system is to continuously improve formal law and practices, and their influence on the tradition of life. People and state-welfare is given due importance and the office of jurisdiction is reinforced by guarantees of judicial independence. There are few countries where the legal system is exclusively religious, though some (mainly Islamic countries) aspire to this. It is not only the State that upholds the responsibility of implementing laws in the religious system, even the people seem to share a common ground of 1understanding that no tolerance should be practiced while dealing with violation of the religious laws. On the other hand a large number of countries have secular legal system where the laws are made and enacted with a constant effort to develop the social and financial infrastructure, human rights and freedom. This is well illustrated in the very first words of the First Amendment to the Constitution 2of the United States, which came into force in 1789: â€Å"Congress shall make no laws respecting the establishment of religion†. The United States has many constitutional and statutory guarantees of religious liberty. Most important are two sentences in the Constitution of the United States. The first is the Test Oath Clause, in Article 6, clause 3, which provides: â€Å"[N]o religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States†. England has historically required office holders to swear an oath that they believed in essential doctrines of the Church of England, or of Protestantism more generally. The Test Oath Clause prohibits

Communication and Conflict Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication and Conflict Chapter 7 - Essay Example (The case mentioned Enrique believing that â€Å"he and Monica had a clear[er] picture of one another.†) These are the perceived incompatible goals. It is natural that in courtships, couples tend to put their best foot forward, to make the other feel special, and to show the other that his or her desires are paramount to her or him, which however is abandoned when one enters into marriage because pretensions are shed (Ziglar, 2004). The conflict appears to have reached a productive phase when Monica offered her explanation that what she meant about â€Å"forget about the job† was only for a short enough time to enjoy a night out, not to forget about it entirely; however, it re-entered a destructive phase when she appeared to accuse Enrique of not listening to her. On the other hand, Enrique tried to enter the constructive phase when he began to apologize to Monica, but vacillated towards the destructive phase again when he took issue with her comment to listen to her as an accusation, and stormed out to a friend’s house. IV Power Power is not openly discussed, but it is an issue apparently from Enrique’s side. ... The power currency Monica makes use of appears to be her feigned interest in Enrique’s job, and Enrique’s power currency is his attempt at apology and the physical contact he initiated, possibly conveying his use of affection as bargaining chip. Both Monica and Enrique felt that their spouse was trying to exert his /her power over her/him. Actually, it was more likely that they felt threatened when no threat was actually meant. Enrique felt he should exert his power as the breadwinner, and Monica felt she might exert her influence over him by cajoling and acting sweet. She over-interprets his actions as being akin to her parents’ actions; he over-interprets her words (â€Å"forget the job† and â€Å"why don’t you listen to me?†) as a challenge to his power and an accusation that he is inadequate (â€Å"I wish I had some pull†; â€Å"Doesn’t she see how much I’m trying, how hard I’m working?†). Both parties p erceived each other’s style as manipulative (Enrique of Monica) and unsympathetic (Monica of Enrique). V. Style While individuals use their own distinctive styles in a conflict, the conflict also takes on a style of its own (Chapter 7:223). At first, Monica was sweet and playful showing support and encouragement (â€Å"you’re up for a promotion, right?† while Enrique showed nonchalance and seriousness. After the conflict began, Monica protested innocence (â€Å"I didn’t say you should forget it, Enrique. I said let’s do something else for awhile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and then hurt (getting up to silently do the dishes, or saying â€Å"I wish you would listen to what I’m saying.†), while Jack shows anger (â€Å"Forget about the job! How am I supposed to do that?†) and then conciliation (â€Å"I’ll come back later to pick you up for pizza). Later both revert to

The topic is life cycle impact assessment and the area of the topic is Case Study

The topic is life cycle impact assessment and the area of the topic is environmental impact assessment - Case Study Example This effect occur at all stages of a life cycle of a product. From the time a material is extracted from the source through to the processing, manufacturing, transportation, and finally recycling or disposal stage. This effect may be direct, involving emissions such as those produced by automobiles usage, or indirect involving impact of water ways from electricity production used during the manufacturing. One of the methodologies commonly used is life cycle assessment (LCA), which both involves direct and indict effect of processes and products. LCA has been confirmed to be useful in making consistent and objective environmental assessments. This concept has been broadened by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry to include the environmental impact and improvement phases, and the inventory. Studies have demonstrated the use Life Cycle impact Assessment (LCA) methods to analyse potential impact of various process on the environment. Lithium (Li-ion) batteries, often used in hybrid and electric vehicles to power plug-in have shown some promise of â€Å"fuelling† these hybrid and electric vehicles and help reduce emitting of greenhouse gas. However, there are some few notable areas in these Li-ion batteries that need to be improved in order to reduce possible public health and environmental impact. This is according to the â€Å"cradle to grave† study, which was conducted by the Abt Associates for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study, which was conducted through a partnership involving the U.S. Department of Energy, EPA, academicians, and Li-ion battery industry, was the first LCA (Life circle assessment) to collect and use data given by Li-ion battery manufacturers, recyclers and suppliers. The main purpose was identifying materials and processes within the life cycle of Lion battery that could largely contribute impacts on environmental

Learning from Failure Essay Example for Free

Learning from Failure Essay Everyone strives for perfection, for most people failure is not an option. However, the reality is that failure is an unpleasant fact, each day, a person fails in his or her tasks, decisions and ideas and organizations fail in their strategies and policies. In this highly competitive and achievement oriented society, a failure in any aspect of a person’s life is construed negatively and stereotyped as a sign of weakness. Failures are indeed negative occurrences that involve the inability to carry out the desired objective or goal of the individual or organization (Cannon Edmondson, 2005). Failures can be either large scale or small scale, and it can have far-reaching effects than mere criticisms. Small-scale failures are normal consequences of the individual’s actions and decisions form day to day, for example, not being able to come to work on time is a failure on the part of the employee. Being tardy is a negative behavior and failing to be punctual can directly affect the work performance of the individual; however, such tardiness can also have dire effects on the organization. Chronic tardiness results to missed hours of work per week and probably lesser output for the department or unit and the organization as a whole. Such a failure can be dissected and analyzed as a personal failure, but it has varied implications for the organization’s policies and performance. On the other hand, large-scale failures are highly sensationalized and have the potential to lessen the competitiveness and the trust that people have on their organizations (Nevis,   DiBella Gould, 1995). F or example, Martha Stewart’s failure and fiasco in her business enterprise have led to criticisms and stigma and for that time, sales of Martha Stewart’s products were very low. Organizational failures are often not highlighted as a basis for learning; instead, it is covered-up and undisclosed to the public. Learning from failure is not a popular concept in the American reality. Failures have a negative connotation and it is not a thing that is shared to most people. Likewise, organizations steer from the issue of failure and find immediate solutions to such failures and problems without considering the possible learning that the failure brings (Nevis,   DiBella Gould, 1995). For example, mass resignations of pilots in an airline company spell disaster, and the most likely action for the company is to reduce flights. Learning from failure dictates that the airline company should look into the reasons of the pilots for leaving the airline. The result of the survey would be used as basis to institute changes in their policies in order to address the concerns of the pilots and to prevent mass resignations in the future. Organizations however, try very hard to keep their failures from becoming public since it would not be good for their business but making failures public communicates that the organization is willing to accept their mistakes and further commit to the improvement of their policies and procedures to prevent and minimize the occurrence of mistakes (Cannon Edmondson, 2005). Large-scale failures that reach the consciousness of the public become common knowledge and these are used as a learning tool for other individuals and organizations.   The stock market scandals have resulted to clearer and stricter guidelines in the stock market. Thus, failures are not entirely negative; instead, it has the potential for driving new information and concepts and in the development of better policies and guidelines for all. Learning is a process that occurs throughout life, and failures play an important role in facilitating learning. Without mistakes and failure, an individual would not be able to learn what is right and acceptable from what is wrong and unacceptable. Failure is as essential to life as learning; one cannot exist without the other. Learning does not occur in a vacuum, it utilizes whatever information, and knowledge is on hand. However, the best kind of learning is said to come from failures and mistakes as it provides concrete basis for differentiating what is positive and good from what is negative and bad (Nevis,   DiBella Gould, 1995). At an individual level, workers sent on a training workshop to learn new skills in the operation of new equipments would only have a working knowledge of the new equipment. Actual operation of the equipment would test the knowledge of the worker and the amount of learning that he has gained from the training workshop. A failure on the part of the worker would lead to the inefficient use of the equipment, and identifying one’s mistakes and source of failure would result to more learning. At this point the worker can now identify which of his actions had resulted to the mistake and which actions would control for the effects of the mistake and what behaviors he should do to prevent the mistake from recurring. In terms of organizational learning, failures are also a rich source of information that could be used to improve and strengthen the strategies that they already have in place (Cannon Edmondson, 2005). It is important for organizations to learn from their failures as it is a factual occurrence that reflect the true state of the organization (Carmeli Sheaffer, 2008). For example, a miscommunication between departments can bring about significant problems and difficulties in the conduct of the organizations’ activities. The most likely reaction is for the department heads and managers to resolve the problems brought about by miscommunication, but if the organization wants to apply the concept of learning from failures, they should b able to identify the source of the miscommunication and in what channels the miscommunication occurred, then the organization should look into the communication patterns of the organization and take the necessary steps to ensure that the communication systems would be corrected to prevent miscommunications in the future. Even though learning from failures has been found to be a useful tool for increasing the efficiency of organizations and in cultivating a positive culture, one that is open to experimentation and failure, not many organizations have embraced the concept and continue to disregard the learning that could be had from failures (Nevis,   DiBella Gould, 1995). In a discussion of why organizations fail to learn from failures, it was pointed out that organizations fail to utilize failures as rich sources of information because of the lack of critical thinking skills that would identify failures as an opportunity for growth (Carmeli Sheaffer, 2008). Additionally, organizations does not take into account and monitor for failure, instead it is systematically removed and not dwelled upon. Another reason for not being able to learn from failures is the human tendency to reduce the effect or to cover-up the incidence of a failure. Even without undue pressure, individuals have the tendency to downplay failures and mistakes and for most to find excuses and blame the failure on the system, and other individuals (Carmeli Sheaffer, 2008). It is important to recognize that failures present a learning opportunity for organizations and even for one’s personal life, and although it takes courage and a more open and willing perspective, it is not impossible to attain. References Cannon, M. Edmondson, A. (2005). Failing to learn and learning to fail (intelligently): How organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve. Long Range Planning, 38, 299-319 Carmeli, A., Sheaffer, Z. (2008). How learning leadership and organizational learning from failures enhance perceived organizational capacity to adapt to the task environment. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44:468. Nevis, E. C., DiBella, A.J., Gould, J.M. (1995). Understanding organizations as learning systems. Sloan Management Review, 36, 73-85.

Pursuing Happiness Essay Example for Free

Pursuing Happiness Essay We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness All men are created equal, but are we all really treated equal? As of January 2013, nine states — Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, and Washington — have legalized same-sex marriage. Thats a mere 5.5% of the nation, whereas countries such as Canada, Netherlands, Spain, South Africa and Sweden have already granted full marital status to same-sex couples and other countries (France, Columbia, the UK, Taiwan, etc. ) have pending bills to legalize it as well. We are a leading nation in the world, we should be setting an example. So why are we so behind on this important matter? It is hit by a number issues, many of which are religion-based. Personally, I do not follow any religion but I respect the belief of others because I wouldnt like someone to insult something I believe in and thus I wouldnt do the same to another human being. But I dont understand why they cant understand my beliefs. I believe in love. Crazy, stupid, happy love. Tell me, what is so wrong with seeing two people in love get married? Should it matter what gender they are? Just because someone is of a different sexuality than you are doesnt mean that they arent human. They have feelings just like you and I. They dont look any different from us either. These people could be your brother or sister, your uncle or aunt, your schoolmates or teachers, they could even be your best friend. Speaking of best friends, one of mine, Christian, is the reason this issue hits so close to home for me. Ive been to 6 different schools in my life and befriended many people but Ive never really been open about myself in any of them. But with Christian and our other best friend, Nardos, there were no secrets. I remember the day Christian came out of the closet to us as clearly as if it were yesterday, I recall him blushing when we asked if he liked anyone and gushing over his crush of five years. Someday, I hope to see him in a relationship with someone and as maddeningly happy as he was that day. I hope to see him get married, to see him be happy. I hope that someday hell be able to come out to a world that judges him less on love than who he loves and more on who he is. Sadly, I doubt that day will come anytime soon. That isnt to say that it will never come. I mean, interracial marriage was illegal in the US till anti-miscegenation laws (laws that banned interracial marriage, cohabitation and sex) were declared unconstitutional in 1967. Doesnt it seem ridiculous to you that it took a supreme court decision to define that it was alright for two people of different races to love and marry each other? Well, thats how it seems to me with same-sex marriage.

Reacties van stoffen opgelost in water

Reacties van stoffen opgelost in water De volgende onderwerpen komen aan bod in dit hoofdstuk: Elektrolyten Netto Ion-vergelijkingen Soorten reacties Neerslag reacties Zuur-base reacties Redox reacties Elektrolyten: Als suiker (Sucrose) oplost, kun je daar de volgende moleculevergelijking voor opstellen: C12H22O11(s) à   C12H22O11(aq) Als keukenzout oplost zie de vergelijking er als volgt uit: NaCl(s) à   Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Het verschil is uiteraard, dat keukenzout splitst in de ionen Na+ en Cl- en dat sucrose als geheel molecuul oplost. NaCl is een elektrolyt en C12H22O11 is een non-elektrolyt. Een elektrolyt is een stof die bij het oplossen splitst in ionen. Een non- elektrolyt is een stof die oplost als geheel molecuul. De meeste reacties zijn evenwichtsreacties. Het evenwicht ligt vaak heel erg ver naar à ©Ãƒ ©n kant. Twee voorbeelden hiervan: Bij CH3CO2H ligt het evenwicht zeer ver naar de kant van de stof opgelost als geheel , maar hij kan wel opsplitsen in ionen. CH3CO2H is een zwakke elektrolyt. Bij KCl ligt het evenwicht juist heel sterk de andere kant op, naar die van de ionen. KCl is dus een zwakke elektrolyt. Een stof die bij het oplossen (bijna) helemaal splitst in ionen is een sterke elektrolyt. Een stof die bij het oplossen maar een klein beetje splitst in ionen is een zwakke elektrolyt. Netto ionvergelijkingen Wat een moleculevergelijking is, is bekend:. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)à   2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) In deze vergelijking zie je dat twee opgeloste stoffen worden samengevoegd en twee nieuwe stoffen vormen, een vaste en een opgeloste stof. De stoffen die opgelost zijn, zijn echter allemaal sterke elektrolyten en zijn dus gesplitst in ionen. Dit kunnen we weergeven met een ionvergelijking: Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + PbI2(s) Een aantal van de ionen vind je zowel links als rechts van de pijl. Deze kun je, net als in een wiskundige vergelijking, tegenover elkaar wegstrepen. Wat je dan overhoud is de netto ionvergelijking: Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   PbI2(s) In deze netto ionvergelijking vind je alleen de stoffen die daadwerkelijk aan de reactie deelnemen. Een ionvergelijking is een moleculevergelijking, maar dan zijn alle opgeloste elektrolyten als afzonderlijke ionen opgeschreven. Een netto ionvergelijking is een ionvergelijking, waarin de ionen die niet aan de werkelijke reactie deelnemen zijn weggelaten aan beide kanten van de pijl. Neerslagreacties Het voorbeeld wat gebruikt is bij het uitleggen van de netto ionvergelijking is een voorbeeld van een neerslagreactie. Er worden meerdere opgeloste stoffen samengevoegd, waarna er uit enkele van deze opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof ontstaat. Deze vaste stof wordt zichtbaar in de vloeistof en heet de neerslag. Kobaltchloride en Natronloog (YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1xwIu0UGiE) CoCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) à   2 NaCl(aq) + Co(OH)2(s) Netto: Co2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) à   Co(OH)2(s) In het filmpje is duidelijk te zien date r een soort groene wolk ontstaat. Dit is de neerslag, welke wordt gevormd omdat Co(OH)2 slecht oplosbaar is en dus een vaste stof wordt. Of er een neerslagreactie plaatsvindt is dus afhankelijk van hoe goed stoffen oplossen. Wanneer is de oplosbaarheid van een stof goed en wanneer is deze slecht? Oplosbaarheid van stoffen is goed als de stof deze cationen bevat: Groep 1A (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) Ammonium ion (NH4+) Oplosbaarheid van stoffen is goed als de stof deze anionen bevat: Halogenen (Cl-, Br-, I-, NIET Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+) Nitraat (NO3-), perchloraat (ClO4-), acetaat (CH3CO2-), sulfaat (SO42-) NIET Ba2+, Hg2+ en Pb2+ sulfaat Zoals er hier al tussen staat, zijn er op de bovenstaande regels veel uitzonderingen te bedenken. Een vollediger overzicht vind je in BINAS tabel 45. Hierin staat op het kruispunt van een kolom (cation) en een rij (anion) die bij bepaalde ionen horen of de stof die uit deze twee ionen is opgebouwd goed oplosbaar is of niet. Een neerslagreactie is een reactie, waarbij opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof (neerslag) vormen. Of er een neerslagreactie plaats vind is afhankelijk van de oplosbaarheid van stoffen. Oplosbaarheid is te vinden in BINAS tabel 45. Zuur-base reacties Zuren en basen zijn stoffen die als ze opgelost zijn in water op een bepaalde manier reageren. Volgens een klassieke omschrijving is dat op de volgende manier: Zuur: stof die H+ kan afgeven. Voorbeeld: HA(aq) à   H+(aq) + A-(aq) Voorbeeldreacties zuur in (en met) water: HCl(aq) + H2O(l) à   H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) CO2(aq)+ 2 H2O(l) (= H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)) à   HCO3- + H3O+ Base: stof die H+ kan opnemen. Voorbeeld: BOH(aq) + H+ à   B+(aq) + H2O(l) Voorbeeldreacties base in (en met) water: NH2-(aq) + H2O(l) à   NH3(aq) + OH-(aq) BrO-(aq) + H2O(l) à   HBrO(aq) + OH-(aq) Als een zuur en een base samen in à ©Ãƒ ©n oplossing zijn, neutraliseren zij elkaar. Dit noemen we dan een neutralisatiereactie. Voorbeeldreactie zuur (zoutzuur) met base(natronloog): HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) à   H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) à   H2O(l) + NaCl (aq) Op deze manier zijn dus het (sterke) zuur en de (sterke) base verdwenen. NaOH (aq) splitst in Na+ OH- en neemt de H+ (ontstaan doordat HCl splitst in H+ Cl-). Hierdoor onstaan dus water en een zout (in dit geval keukenzout, maar andere zouten komen uiteraard ook voor). Veel informatie is ook te vinden in BINAS tabel 49. Hierin staan zuren in de linker kolom en basen in de rechter kolom. Daarnaast zijn de sterke zuren bovenin te vinden en de zwakke zuren onderin. Sterke basen staan juist onderin en de zwakke bovenin. Hieruit volgt ook dat als een zuur een H+ afstaan dat het een base vormt: een sterk zuur splitst in een zwakke base en H+. Omgekeerd vormt een sterke base als het een H+ opneemt een zwak zuur: een sterke base vormt een zwak zuur als het een H+ opneemt. Zuur: stof die H+ kan afgeven. Base: stof die H+ kan opnemen. Als een zuur en een base elkaar neutraliseren ontstaan water en een zout. Veel info over zuren en basen te vinden in BINAS Tabel 49 Redox reacties Een REDOX reactie is een reactie waarbij elektronen worden uitgewisseld: A- A + e- A2- A- + e- A A+ + e- A+ A2+ + e- De naam redox komt van de woorden reductie en oxidatie: REDuctie: elektronen worden opgenomen . OXidatie: elektronen worden afgegeven. Hoe weet je of een reactie een redox reactie is of niet? Om dit te kunnen bepalen moet je redox-getallen toekennen aan de verschillende moleculen, ionen of atomen. Elementen hebben redoxgetal 0 Na, H2, Br2, S, Ne hebben redoxgetal 0 Ionen hebben een redox getal gelijk aan hun lading Na+ (+1), Ca2+ (+2), Al3+ (+3), Cl- (-1), O2- (-2) Het totaal is 0 voor een molecuul en gelijk aan de lading van een samengesteld ion. H2SO4, ClO4-, NH4+ In moleculen of samengestelde ionen hebben atomen gewoonlijk het zelfde getal als hun vorm als ion. H-O-H (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0), [O-H]- (-2, +1, totaal -1) Uitzonderingen: Waterstof is +1 of -1 Na-H (+1, -1 totaal 0, dus H: -1), H-Cl (+1, -1, totaal 0, dus H: +1) Zuurstof is meestal -2 H-O-H (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0, dus O: -2 ), H-O-O-H(+1, -1, -1 +1,totaal 0, dus O: -1) Halogenen zijn meestal -1 Cl-O-Cl (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0, dus Cl: -1 ), H-O-Br Een reactie is een redox-reactie als van een atoom of ion het redoxgetal na de reactie anders is dan voor de reactie heeft plaats gevonden. In de praktijk kun je herkennen of bepaalde reacties redox-reacties zijn door een stof geforceerd te laten reageren met een stof waarvan je zeker weer dat deze stof reduceert of oxideert. Als à ©Ãƒ ©n onderdeel van een reactie oxideert, reduceert namelijk een ander deel. Als er dan inderdaad een reactie plaats vindt, is het waarschijnlijk een redox-reactie. De stof die zelf reduceert en er dus voor zorgt dat een andere stof oxideert is een oxidatie-agent of oxidator. Een stof die zelf oxideert en er dus voor zorgt dat een andere stof reduceert is een reductie-agent of reductor: IJzer laat men met zuurstof (oxidator) reageren (roesten van ijzer): De redoxgetallen van Fe en O zijn veranderd, dus is het een redoxreactie. Met laat ijzeroxide uit ijzererts met koolstof (reductor) reageren (winning van ijzer): De redoxgetallen van Fe en C zijn veranderd, dus is het een redoxreactie. Om redoxreacties kloppend te maken kun je ook redoxgetallen gebruiken: Neem de volgende stappen: Zorg dat de reactie klopt voor de reeds bekende reactieproducten. Bepaal van de onjuiste reactievergelijking de redoxgetallen van de verschillende atomen en ionen. Bekijk wat van de bekende reactieproducten de af- en toename is van het redoxgetal. Vermenigvuldig het aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal afneemt met het getal van de toename. Vermenigvuldig het aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal toeneemt met het getal van de afname. Maak nu de reactie kloppend voor de overige uitgangsstoffen door reactieproducten toe te voegen. Als laatste maak je de reactie kloppend door bijvoorbeeld nog enkele H+ ionen bij de uitgangsstoffen te voegen. Een andere manier om de vergelijking van een redoxreactie kloppend te maken is door gebruik te maken van halfvergelijkingen. Enkele voorbeelden van halfvergelijkingen: Li à   Li+ + e- Mg à   Mg2+ + 2e- Co à   Co2+ + 2 e- Cu à   Cu2+ + 2 e- Deze kun je op de volgende manier gebruiken om vergelijkingen kloppend te maken: Bepaal uit een niet kloppende reactievergelijking de oxidatie halfreactie en de reductie halfreatie. Maak de reactievergelijkingen kloppend. Voeg hier eventueel nieuwe reactieproducten en H+ voor toe. Voeg elektronen toe om de halfreacties helemaal kloppend te maken. Zorg dat er in beide halfreacties evenveel elektronen voor komen (door een veelvoud van of beide halfreacties te nemen) Voeg de twee halfreacties samen. Haal de elektronen uit de uiteindelijke reactie. Een voorbeeld hiervan: In BINAS tabel 48 staat een overzicht met halfreacties. Ook vind je in deze tabel informatie over de sterkte van een bepaald molecuul of ion als reductor of oxidator.