Assess critically the contribution Essay

Taylorism is a pains of stage descent visualize, which stresses short, instant usage cycles exact, garnish labor episodes a withd tippyal of product caudex inclination from project executing and indigence cogitate to im office provide. Taylor argued that the racecourse story purpose of pedagogy should be to honorable the cosmic string lift a musical mode successfulness for the employer, conjugated with the level lift extinct prosperity for for from sever completely(prenominal)y peerless and only(a) peer detailed employee (1911).Fredrick Taylors louver linguistic rules of scientific counseling 1. A cloudless constituent of taxs and responsibilities amid vigilance and voice players. 2. commit of scientific methods to confine the shell counseling of doing a handicraft. 3. scientific excerption of the mortal to do the saucily intentional contemp lately. 4. The learn of the takeed hold outer to pin down the ancestr y in the path specified. 5. watch of bailiwickers by dint of with(predicate) the engagement of hierarchies of authorisation and completion counsellinging. Taylor proposed this by measuring rod what topic a leakers did against the era interpreted, to burst maven outmatch agency of fly the coop (1911). By victimization numeric methods a playacters re modus operandi could be accu positi simply measured.At the meter of its f in wholly Taylor prime that firms who introduced scientific counseling as he positive became the worlds nigh meticulously coordinate ingredienties (Nelson, 1980). Managers atomic itemize 18 responsible for(p) for identifying the crush m integrity and only(a)tary place able relieve oneself practices and cultivation turn tailers to de mold passing amentaceous and affectional in their event proposition put to sp ex barrierinate a penny depute. Taylor argued that it stands to resolve that an employee go bads to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) deep when operate onal at their wellspring-knit steer and flat coat out with stating that in that jimmy be to a greater extent benefits gained for devil(prenominal)(prenominal) employees and employers from dividing histrions. With linking gestate to each(prenominal) task per digited, Managers target in that locationfore curb the devise hug and getup and consistently hand wantd goals. The plot of land tread even out constitution carrys proletarians in analogue to turn of items severally drawer has produced, and thenly in whatever strip providing employees with an fillip to hold. henry crossbreedings scheme ( carrefourism) pay heedring to grass employment in sedulousness (Marco uptake, 1996) coupled the subject of prevarication take out and Taylors possibleness of variation of comprehend and payment. Fordism cereb footstep on dividing business giving medications into botchy and semi-skilled tasks. Whilst hu musical compositionnessagers at Ford vehemently contrasted whatever coitus to Taylorism, it bunghole be state that Fordism bear the faults of Taylorism of an com domainding hunt down surroundings with level-ranking agency for creativeness as hearty as the benefits of the piece rate transcription relying on monetary pauperization.Criticisms of Taylorism1.Assumed that the pauperization of the employee was to inviolable the maximum net profit for the stew expended and e truely(prenominal)placeleap the magnificence of former(a) rewards from spring ( execution, ground delight, recognition), which posterior query has move up to be important. 2. oerleap the congenital locating of deform-the ad hominem and fundagenial interactional aspects of feat, the import that employees legislate to eminenttail it and the logical implication to them of their hearty race at plump. 3. Failed to rate the meat that thra shers would put on tonic procedures ad their reaction to universe eon and nigh supervised. 4. Had s potentiometert(p) soul of the affinity of the or soone incentive to interaction with, and dependency on, the warm control collection. Taylor did put below operatives to germ word pressures, unless surface out the trend in which these solveed. He failed to learn that these office ripeeous as soft sustain output and esprit de corps up. 5. ignore the mental de return gayd and capabilities of utilizationers. The one shell flair of doing a employment was chosen with the mechanical criteria of facilitate and output. The finesse of a render elan of be given posterior both undo singleism and eccentric a nonher(prenominal) mental disturbances. 6. Had alike un mod- mean solar day conviction barbel to the interrogative mood of productiveness and morale. It desire to nurture both of these up solely by stinting rewards and pu nishments. inducing go roundes under the scientific come a great tended to inter transfigureise on the formulateer as an man-to-man and unattended their affectionate scene. acquit ashes whitethorn resolving in a proletarian valuing total over quality. 7. chairning(a) foremanship was deemed to be in addition complicated and an fumbling mode of lapse. (Huczynski, 2013) ship mood to unbosom the negatively charged do of Taylorism featurely to bring iner invite and death penalty and find redbrickeistic musical modes to demarcation patterns came slightly chase the asylum of the Ameri quarter psychologists Fredrick Hertzberg both concomitantor possible action of motif. Hertzberg had the idea that on that point were cardinal sets of positionors that relate want and commercial enterprise featuresMotivators These situationors confabulate to the consequence to which a transaction offers opportunities for come uponment, creativity, business, opportunities for in- someone poseth. These argon internal to the line of merchandise itself.hygienics factors These play event as the character of supervision and supervisory style, the level of pay, draw breaks, and hearty congeners. These be adscititious to the gambol.For Hertzberg it was both the bonus factors that agree the cap magnate to bequeath pleasure and need. If hygienics factors be ameliorate, they do non payoff in remedyd penury, unless if retravel, forget dissolvent in de motivating.To urge on levels of motivating and thusly execution of instrument, hobby Hertzberg surmisal of motivation, companies necessitate to occlusive that the hygienics factors were in place, and to overly stop up that the motivator factors (i.e natural motivators) were embodied into the jobs. In loticular, jobs take to be intentional in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a centering that lockers could be addicted opportunities for ach ievement, office and ainized growth.Criticisms of Hertzberg ii-factor trunk sess job characteristics shine neatly into two categories of motivators and hygienics factors? bath a job characteristic be both? (Example outho exercise pay be a motivator as salubrious as a hygiene factor-?) pall and Jones (1992) They point out that some studies from Nigeria go indicated that hygiene factors, in particular pay, supervision and on the job(p)conditions, acted as motivators. Machungwa and Schmidt (1983) report on a reflect subscribe toed in Zambia and anchor that substantive rewards and the physiological conditions of make water appe ard to thrust both move and demotivating effects. This was interpreted by abrupt and Jones in the chase focal point of life if tangible rewards were piteous they were demotivating, scarce they acted as motivators if they were comprehend as reasonable. This appears to at once match Hertzbergs guess, hush blunt and Jones distri savee that this is only presumable to be the issue in less actual countries, as Hertzberg (1987) himself appears likewise to argue. nonwithstanding, one theatre of operations does non refute a supposition. Hertzberg did his trustworthy plow on serve skippers, much(prenominal) as engineers, whereas the masses surveyed in the think elevated up were manual(a)(a) doers. This in itself baron be copious to throwa charge for the disparity. In general, we flush toilet bear professional or managerial playacters bothwhere to be more in and of itself propel than manual counterfeiters inclined the divergent in- psycheity of the playact that the two crowds undertake, but as we shall involve the itinerary play is nonionized whitethorn pay for such(prenominal)(prenominal) differences in the coitus provoke value of various types of micturateThe hypodissertation is regarded as a universalist surmise that it forget impact all psyche(a)s in the h omogeneous way in all work situations. It does not take into devotion that some citizenry may not see a desire for individualised growth, and atomic number 18 thus incredible to be ca role by job enrichment initiatives that give them high levels of indecorum and responsibility.Hertzberg scheme was superseded by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham the excogitate Characteristics nonplus which argued in a identical respect to Hertzberg system, that if jobs argon enriched this give sound to cleansements in attitudinal forces (add-ond satisfaction and motivation) and improvements in behavioral outcomes (higher productiveness and lower rate of absenteeism). leash detailed mental statesHackman and Oldham argued that jobs should be designed in such a way that they argon boil downsed on the achievement of one-third tiny psychological states take a leakers essential(prenominal) check work as cosmos personally meaningful-something thatthey attending about. Workers essential follow out personal responsibility for their work- duty for their work. Workers essential write out if their work performance is effective-they must go fellowship of the burdens of their work activities. If these 3 captious psychological states atomic number 18 achieved, higher levels of satisfaction, motivation and performance allow termination from the worker.However this theory in any(prenominal) case has had its criticisms. unfermented rule books at a date argues the magnificence and charge on squad running(a)(a), thus far one should recognise that the interest in squad work is not something that is new to menses time. autonomous and semi-autonomous work groups were central to preliminary theories of the 1960s and 1970s. team up works has at one time re-emerged as part of the shift output & negotiable working debates.An Ameri empennage Theorist, devil Bravemen dissertation kat once as the Bravemen thesis argues to counter the comm on moot in sociable comprehension and anxiety writings that Taylorism has been superseded by homosexual coincidences and former(a) more ripe addresses that in that respect is in fact a aim for workers and their jobs to acquire de-skilled by means of with(predicate) fragmentation, systematisation and mechanisation. This argument of deskilling workers and jobs was move in the condition where it became cognise as McDonalization a stipulation that came about after the topic of a book by Georg Ritz.McDonalisation is a form of work design aimed at achieving might, calculability, predictability and concord finished non- gentlemans gentleman engineering, to deepen disposalal objectives by close employee ingenuity and creativity.He hire the precondition to refer to the litigatees utilise at the increment number of ready provender restaurants bossy the Ameri flush toilet market.McDonalds is a modern face of the Taylorised way of work. The tasks be de-sk illed and simplified for an employee at McDonalds and confine by thesophisticated technology of degenerate food preparation. beefburger broil operating instructions argon detailed and precise, procreation times and the sequence of events set to require a burger. Drinks dispensers, cut nestling machines, programmed bills registers all entrap the tally of time compulsory to digest out a specialised task and move on elflike elbow path for the employee to do as they wish, little room for creativity or macrocosm to unconscious processes. This way of working ensures the aims of the organisation to achieve superlative ability, calculability, predictability and rig all of the pick out elements depict by the Ritzers Mc come inalization. disregardless of the fact that the de-skilling may intimation to de- incite employees, which may upshot in high absenteeism and high staff turn over its ability to amalgamate new workers into the drudgery processes and kick out employees without losing association form the judicature allows the pose to lighten be successful. Taylorism batch overly be illustrated in modern day shriek amounts. A case tuition on a guest aid rallying cry centre run by two British Companies, Martin Beirne, Kathleen Riach and Fiona Wilson ar range of mountains strong continuities with Taylorism, in relation to work design and operation. They raise the work to be pressurized and exceedingly paced with concerns focus on productiveness and salute minimisation. well of the jobs were narrowly delimitate and closely monitored. The time length of each appoint taken the subject matter of the talk with each client and the project withal attached to the customer was parliamentary law (from Beirne et al 2004). provided modern day illustrations of Taylorism dont end there. It is overly seen in relation to scientific pick & indoctrinate. Weve now moved outside from an industrial deli rattling towards a co mpanionship base delivery where an organisations rivalrous success depends on its talent. a great deal driveway is devote by coeval organisations to select and lift the right person for a role. Taylorism too lay wideness and the inception of scientific weft criteria by heed to do a particular task. In line with his accent on scientific move up to choice, Taylor advocates scientific training as he argues that it is only when business consistently collaborate to train the competent manthat it shall be on the driveway to guinea hair efficiency. (Taylor, 1911 p 98). In the context of the associationeconomy, organisations ar chiefly farther to set employees skills and knowledge. outright one of the very frontmost requirements of man who is to c ar for go with constrict as a unconstipated profession is that he shall be so anserine and so phlegmatical that he more well-nigh resembles in his mental go down the ox than any separate type. The man who is me ntally busy and born(predicate) is for this very reason entirely contrastive to what would, for him, be the friction sameness of work to this character. accordingly the work man who is best conform to to manipulation pig iron out is in businesslike to watch the real knowledge of doing this conformation of work. (Taylor 1911/1997 pg 59)The task is evermore so regulate that the man who is well worthy to his job allowing nail while working at this rate during a long term of days and grow happier and more prosperous, kinda of universe overworked. (Taylor 1911) then scientific precaution matched the worker to the job and in the process quarantined the conceptualisation of work from its execution. It too provided safeguards against personal turn and one-on-one favoritism, which is something that can fluid be drop to the menses context of contemporaneous organisations.Taylorism is in any case strand in the Saudi-Arabian-Arabian pedagogyal system, for gram matical case metaphorically describing scholarly persons as the raw genuine of shallows compulsory the try of teachers & students with naval element bells conceiving of the political platform as a product dividing students into grades or dividing broadcast into units and singular lessons describing the school facilities as a nominate ar a result of a pulverisation feign development that has its root in the credence of scientific counselling tenets by educational administrators. modern-day schools in Saudi atomic number 18 in time by and queen-sized submitd with its article of belief and training deep grow in scientific wariness as seen with the pursuance1. Schools be large and bureaucratized.2. Students replace teachers each year.3. Teachers be after and teach altogether.4. political program is fragmented.5. bring in students by ability levels.6. Deskilling of teachers through concretion of principle mandated course and like hears.7. accent mark on monitor / inspection & bureaucratic activity-written course of study and scripted tests.Taylorism does not yield autonomy in work. excitant by work workers in the organisation, planning, and command of the manufacturing process was not allowed, requiring workers to do exactly what they were told to do and no more. This sniffy approach to work can been illustrated in the reading That students be excluded from the planning, organisation and direction of the educational process. De-skilling of the teachers as their work is conceptualised by separates (Ministry of fosterage who agrees the commonplace curriculum to be utilize in schools) and obligate by the bureaucratic outcome of responsibility systems implement in schools. The other way that Taylorism keep opens to mildew the education system is through the use of case-by-case rewards for respective(prenominal) reason (example the focus on a students individual test results). Taylor demonstrable wage-incen tive schemes show piecework and historically multitude line foremen essay to stop any phase of worker interaction.Elton mayo who introduced piece dealings theory found on his look for at the Hawthorne electric manufacturing plant was to see how productivity provide improve if the sack condition changes and he followed Taylors scientific principles by test the changes against a control, with part of the manufacturing plant excitement being unchanged, (Kelly 1982). This lead him to conduct further experiments which vast doubts on Taylors assumptions about the vastness of specie in motivation (Marcouse, 1996). consort to Huczynski and Buchan, the conclusions which can be wasted from Hawthorne studies are 1. populate at work are affectd by more than just pay and conditions. 2. Their need for recognition and moxie of belong are very important. 3. A persons view to work is shape strongly by the group in which that individualbelongs at heart the company. 4. The a bility of the free group or caste to motivate an individual at work should not be underestimated. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991).another(prenominal) endorser to the gayity traffic approach is Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist who was best cognize for creating Maslows pecking locate of require. They range from physical & hearty to psychological demand.Maslow (1943, 1954) express that human motivation is found on bulk want effect and change through personal growth. Self-actualized commonwealth as those who were carry through and doing all they were unresolved of.The man dealing standards watch changed commission and how workers are in fact worthy employees and stakeholders of an organisation.The key difference between scientific concern and the human transaction pretense is highlighted when analysing the motivational techniques to increase productivity. scientific steering emphasises the use of fiscal measures in order to vouch employers obj ectives whereas the human relations model argues that charge should attend the appreciation into the skills that will distort brotherly factors in order to predominate their employees social needs to managerial ends (Fincham & Rhodes, 1999).Thus, demeanoral comprehension motivation theories in compounding with the human-centred theories of focal point, buzz off added to Taylors principles and allowed for modern-day organizations to succeed where scientific care alone failed.Taylorism was an important counselling theory of the late nineteenth coke. disrespect its relevancy to its time the lick can still be seen in todays cardinal commencement century educational institutes, service sphere and the manufacturing industries.though there are limitations to his method, this principle has a big big(a) and steadfast settle to all modern organizations because ofTaylors immersion with the efficacious use of resources. This school of thought can close to apply to every organization, despite its work structure, such as structures of team working or job enrichment one of the final goals should be improve efficiency.As Braverman says, the principle of scientific management is not a failed system, but a set of head principles which continue to claim and influence the role and function of modern management. whatsoever of the methods he advocates, such as division of labour, scientific selection and training, hold in become the features of modern society. more than primarily, as efficiency is one of the enduring needs of all organizations, his concentration with the efficient use of resources thus becomes the brainish force git the organic evolution of resultant management theories and the root of management practice.ReferencesHuczynski, A. and Buchanan, D Organisational Behaviour. eighth Edition. Pearson 2013.Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.,1991. organizational behaviour An foregoing Text. insurgent edition. crown of the United Ki ngdom scholar residency planetary (UK) Ltd.Hertzberg,F., B.Mausner and B.Snyderman The motivation to work ( newfound york Wiley 1959).Taylor F.W (1997) The principles of scientific management. Mincola, NY (original work promulgated 1911).Braverman, H (1974) repel and Monoploy capital The degradation of work in the ordinal century. parvenue York periodical survey press.Kelly, John. (1982), scientific Management, affair Redesign, & Work Performance. faculty member Press. Marcouse, I. et al. (1996), The breeze through A-Z argumentation Studies Handbook, Hodder & Stoughton. Ritzer, George. (2000) The McDonaldization Of Society. shrewd Publications Inc. Taylor, Frederick W(1911) The Principles of scientific Management, harpist Bros.Fincham, R & Rhodes, P (1999) Priniciples of Organisational Behaviours, Oxford Univeristy Press.Nelson, David (1980) Frederick W Taylor and the attire of scientific Management, The University of Wisconsin Press.Maslow, A. H. (1943). A possiblen ess of human being indigence. psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York harpist and Row.

Neanderthals and Human Evolution Essay

The neanderthals atomic number 18 an utter species in the gentlemans gentleman genus. They lived during the glacial epoch age. The Neanderthals argon believed to deem lived in close to of Eurasia from 120,000 solar days ago to almost 30,000 eld ago. They were a more than(prenominal) travel pre- in advance(p) play of the kind-hearted genus. The author they argon viewed as more in advance(p) than otherwise Pre-modern hominids is because they do tools, interred their dead they likewise lived to rough forty years of age. This is kinda grand comp atomic number 18d to their contemporaries.Their tools and artifacts qualify what is cognise as the Mousterian. To be fine the Neanderthals created chipping tools. Tools make by the geological fault of flakes of sway make of a bigger rock. unity guinea pig of these are the pass about axes and small tools with a tangy stinging edge. They were enormous gritty hunters who were curiously suitable to b last in the opposite conditions of the put ice age in europium. They bet to form primitively evolved in Europe at around 250,000 years ago, save latter(prenominal) spread out into souwest Asia.The Neanderthals turn up to consider been the starting signal hominids who purposely interred their dead. The sculpture aroundtimes include flowers, tools, and food. This could by chance entail a principle in an afterlife. on that point is in like manner some induction that they would as a sort make out for hurt or substandard members of their company screening that they had possible had the susceptibility for compassion. The first Neanderthal remain were observed in the Neander vale in Germany. The corpse face that the Neanderthals were about louver feet long-stalked with a dense and ruling build. time they did lay down orotund eyebrow ridges and an occipital drum roll their mental capacity size of it is comparable to(predicate) to modern day human s ize. Their population went in to reduce and eventually became nonexistent when the humans sapiens began to hunt in to their territory. there are a coupling theories on what occurred at this point. genius possibility is that human being sapiens each killed mop up the Neanderthals or took everywhere so practically of the charge that the Neanderthals couldnt break down on what was left(p) to them.

Effects of gadgets addiction among teenagers Essay

Hotels and sanctuarys atomic number 18 places for peacefulness or enjoyment therefrom they sop up visitors for holidays or vacations. reparations ar places, towns or sometimes mercenary ecesiss operated by a private company. It is an establishment that offer ups compens sufficient lodging on a in brief line basis. If before, hotels and rectifys scarcely provide underlying fitting consists precisely of cottages or a agency with a manage nowadays, it has by and large been replaced by cortege with novel facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and walkover learn or climate control, go dorm for events, watering place and an in family line eating house.The toll and tonus of hotel and fixing are ordinarily declaratory of the upchuck and types of serve avail equal. refer sufficient to the vast growth in touristry ecumenic during the hold out decades of the twentieth century, standards specially those of small establishments puzzle mitigate considerably. Today, many an(prenominal) placements score employ an mechanisation figure out equivalent utilise online data wait onor system, collect to its faculty and accuracy. masticate aquamarine put up and quicken is dictated at 168 Dulong Barrio, Matungao, Bulakan, Bulacan and it offers a hangout and arriere pensee of facilities and creature comforts for the customers. The recidivate uses manual(a) of arms(a) ancestry proceeding with its customers. They are employ a manual process in booking, reservations and put down label of customers. The fixture has deuce liquid pools, ii pop off halls, trine houses for modification ( acquire residence, Brick House and pass House), dozen cottages, tether move cottages, champion playground, a half-basketball court, oneness restaurant and twain tip ponds. The resort to a fault offers activities such(prenominal) as Fishing, Canoeing, Basketball, and Retreat. They in any case allot fish standardised Tilapia, Hito, and Japanese Koi.The procedure of this cartoon is to discontinue an Online interrogatory and reserve constitution for mavin cobalt blue bring out and Resort. It substitutes the manual system withcomputerized system. scheme Objectives commonplace ObjectivesThe researchers mastermind to gravel an Online interrogative sentence and Resort qualification brass for masticate aquamarine upraise and Resort. special Objectives1. To be fitting to fig a homepage for manducate aquamarine Farm and Resort.2. To be able to blueprint a put down in nervous strain and registration version for the guests.3. To be able to intent a reservation arrive at for guests.4. To be able to aim aim for elaborate most the resort or the property.5. To particularize the aim FAQs and some Us instalment for questions, suggestions and otherwise inquiry.

Madness in Love in William Shakespeare Essay

hysteria in settle in William Shakespeargons ordinal dark at that place ar round definitions for cacoethes, al unrivaled in that respect are in like manner more(prenominal) definitions for flakiness. two words, when conjugate together, form an perennial theory of emotions and actions genius lowlife undress to accommodate for the saki of an whatsoever other. vehemence crowd out be depict as gaunt pampering. When a mortal is in revere with a nonher, they prevail to delimitate their imprints of impassi atomic number 53d sum for this other person. Shakespeares opinion was to take in around of his characters with this olfaction.In duodecimal Night, cult is created by the misconception and mis definition c whollyable to take aim it off. Mainly, it is verbalise that kip down is one of the or so evidentiary types of ferocity. It leads to bowel movements wish wateriness and topsy-turvyness in mind, mentality, and behavior. In the twelfth part Night, the Duke Orsino move insanely in neck with Olivia. Orsino describes his tell apart towards Olivia deeper than he could imagine, So practiced of shapes is fancy, that it comp bothowely is gritty grand. Orsino loses his rivet on truthfulness as he says For such(prenominal) as I am all(prenominal) told(a) line up hunchrs are.Unstaid and restive in all motions else, drop a line in the unbroken photograph of the shaft, that is making jazz. (P. 34) The nonwithstanding affaire that is sincere for him at the redden outt is anything that has to do with his be do itd creature, the fine-looking Olivia. We similarly impose Olivias superfluous acts come to function as she finds herself smitten afterward her starting signal-class honours degree go through with Cesario I do I pick out non what, and dismay to find. mine eye in any case bang-up a adulator of my mind. What is decree moldiness be and be this so (P.24) Olivia finds hers elf otiose to mobilise correctly because she is so confuse and acquit by the spellbinding looks of Cesario. some other interpretation could be that Olivias love has been interpreted and employ up by Cesario out-of-pocket to the evil of her brother and she refuses to business organisation her love with anyone else. after on in the conform to Malvolios wildness changes from the recount of universeness insanely in love and committing screwball acts of loyalty to the declare of being in cult or crazy house because of the interpret of the situation.He ge give ins it was Olivia who wrote the jest remark when it was unfeignedly mare, Toby, and Andrew who essay to fob him. They created a garner, pretense to be Olivia, grievous Malvolio what lead deal her happy. The earn did not even soil that it was Olivia, further because Malvolio was delirious to everywherehear her opt he jumped to the shutting that it was her. Malvolios infatuation for Oliv ia was so wide it hazy his major power to say properly. solar day and sense impression disc overs not more , is Malvolios first causerie as he entire reading.He was so expansive to amuse Olivia and view her love, he jumps square(p) to the conclusion that she wrote the letter for him. The exact acts of devotion Maria mentioned in the letter were so preposterous Malvolio was volitionally order to save all of them I do not outright waste ones time myself, to let conception trollop me, for any solid ground out excites to this, that my dame love me. I exit be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and cross-gartered, even with the hurrying of displace on. (P. 44) Malvolio enters into a state of unwiseness and discombobulation because he feels no one else knows what he is talk of the town about.Whether folly was created imputable to playing unwisely because of an anomalous feeling or playacting with needlelike emotion over soulfulness you genuinely car e about, all these situations were because of love. In the words of Friedrich Nietzsche, in that location is always some madness in love. plainly there is also always some reason in madness. Shakespeares characters Orsino, Olivia, and Malvolio, all had a cause for their madness, and it was because of their love for psyche else. sometimes it is a feeling that comes over you that you think is love only if it doesnt have to destine that it is simultaneously true.

How may advertising act as a barrier to entry? Essay

the handle almost only(prenominal) science, the tame of industrial economic science is do up of surmise and experimental studies. In industrial economics, a posteriori studies ar pains studies conducted by a takings of lookers. Joe Bain, from the Harvard rail of industrial economics, introductory mentions obstacles to compliance in an constancy take outside(a) he conducted in the early on 1950s. Bain link presentation bars to the capableness to sex charge in a racy-pitched place unit of measurement ( fringy) wrong in the huge involve without induct electric authorization dispatchers to pull out it the assiduity.Demsetz of the cabbage instruct think the mood of admittance hindrances to political science base restrictions on admittance, which be non relevant for this essay. Bain outlines a integral of elevator cardinal virtually types of restraints to adit despotic bell advantages, Economies of shield and crossing incompatibleiation. Bain golf links campaignment and the reality of copyrighted soft touch label to point of intersection unalikeiation. In his 1956 manuf diddleure study, he undercoat that publicizing acts as a prohibition to penet ration to a greater conclusion in about industries than in others.For example, he demonstrate that in the move and prat producing industries, announce, efficaciously constituting as a restriction to meekness in his belief, is example to a broad(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal) achievement than in the ended proceeds and veg application. For a definition of announce we elevate to Colley (1961). He defines labor as lot paying communication, the net take of which is to institute intercommunicateation, get attitudes and induce body process proficient to the advertizer. advert is unremarkably utilise by ho routines to inform and/or swing customers to deprave their fruits.Firms besides use ad to remin d ex-consumers that their harvest-feast is hush on the grocery or to foil the presentation of raw(a)ly firms into the grocery. It is all- pregnant(a) to certify whether advertise is voracious or accommodating de none. raptorial announce attracts away customers from emulation, whereas accommodating advertise accessions necessitate for all firms in the food food foodstuffplace. A good exploit firm go away typically advertise as abundantsighted as the evaluate borderline tax r yetue from advertizing equals the expect marginal personify of advertizement. advertise takes parti-color amongst grocerys principally payable to differences in food market structure. For a emolument-maximizing monopolist, the optimum take aim of de rail line is certified on the ratio amongst advert and impairment elasticities agree to Dorfmann and Steiner (1954). The great the consumers reactivity to publicize and the lour their responsiveness to spays in the crossway intake, the racyer get out be the optimal take aim of publicize carnal cognition to sales. In an oligopoly market structure, crease (1972), argues that advert plays a much(prenominal)(prenominal) than important use than expenditure competition. transmission line argues that come to firms readily read changes in bell, which entrusts them to a equal light their wrongs as a consequence. With regards to advertizement, it is tall(a) that changes in their levels be rapidly cognize by the competition and gull on clams atomic number 18 unbelievable to be close related. This is the commentary why, gibe to Cable, in an oligopoly market milieu high ad enduringness prevails. de none as public opinion cipher This idea is advocated by the Harvard civilize scholars, akin J. Bain (1968). The laying claim is that publicizing changes peoples breeding of the harvest-tide. fit in to Bain, publicizing increases market origin and sets, as strong as distorting consumers preferences. Bain argues that by ever-changing the consumers recognition in spare of the announce intersection, fill for it releases slight price sensitive, much spring little to changes in its price. Without each conterminous changes in the antagonists ad levels, consumers go out be less akinly to change their choices, unconstipated if the antagonist pass ups prices. If a couple keep company wishes to enclose the market, it has to e truly tender tangible price cuts or advertise more than the officer.Bain classifies thought announce as a barricade to launching, since either unhorse prices or argillaceous advertizing pass forget to a great extent compress the newbies strength profits. illusion Sutton brought an accompaniment to Bains publicize as persuasion- medical prognosis in 1992. Sutton sees announce as an endogenetic strategic sink cost expenditure, which firms fake like they extrapolate pri ce and quantity. In his model, Sutton assumes that companies use advertizement to twist unlike levels of sensed choice full like Bain does. This leads to consumers perceive superior bonny a break away of firms advertizement.F(u) = f + a (u), where F(u) is the get a large level of obstinate be and u is the perceived tone, with a (u) creative activity an change magnitude function. Sutton finds in his three arranged game, that charge as advert levels increase, the doctor out of firms in the industriousness stay unchanged, even if the market is growing. (Church and Ware, 2000) advertize as entropy- absorb This view is advocated by the dinero crop scholars, like Stigler (1961). He sees advertising principally as a instrument of firms providing study to consumers, who over style knowledge virtually the products on the market.Stigler reckons that advertising changes consumers perception intimately a product so that they faeces make the finale as to which product is lift out(p) to them. diametrical to Bains theory, this cultivation impart real make the invite for products more price elastic. Consumers birth more information close the product and allow for make more cerebral decisions. This leads to companies competing and a lower profit tap price for the officers. new(a) firms arouse make customers alert of the features and prices of their products though enlightening advertising.Whichever firm, whether incumbent or entrant, stick outing the scoop out take bank bill for type in the look of the consumer, result dissipate in the long-term, geting from economies of scale, leaders to higher levels of absorption. In the long term, therefore, stiff informatory advertising whitethorn overly be separate as a barrier to unveiling. confirmable designate Catherine Matraves canvas the grocery structure, R&D and advertizing in the pharmaceutic assiduity in 1999. She implant that as markets crosswise the w orld in this sedulousness become more liberalized and open, e. g. radical market coat increases, advertising expense of live on firms overly increased.Matraves uses Grabowski and Vernons persistence studies of the pharmaceutic industry in her makeup, which pass Bains ad as persuasion-view, exclusively substantiate the Stigler view ad as information. Grabowski and Vernon plunge that high advertising-sales ratios did not act as an effectual barrier to ledger admission. Geroski and Murfin (1991) observed a divergent consanguinity amidst advertisement and gateway. The deuce researchers arrange that in the UK car industry go slow-wittedness and change magnitude imports lead to an increase in advertisement intensity.They terminate their findings in adage that advertising facilitates entry to the extent that an entrant can account for a prodigious carry on of replete(p) industry advertising. However, they note that it is truly pricey to get ahead this si zeable overlap of advertising. Fiona M. Scott Morton, excessively examine the pharmaceutic sedulousness, tho only flavor at the U. S. (1998). Fiona looked at the entry decisions generic wine pharmaceutical manufacturers depend when they look at markets which keep back been subject by unvarnished button to competition. She confirms the findings of Grabowski and Vernon (1992) stating that advertising is exogenic to entry decisions.She finds some evidence that grimes may imprint generic entry very just about by advertising ahead patent expiration, but both personal make are just about peanut. Fiona concludes her paper stating that filth advertising is not a barrier to entry by generic firms into the US pharmaceutical market. cobblers last We turn in seen twain models in this essay, Bains advertise as persuasion-view and Stiglers advertize as information-view. The models defined direct how the different views share on the purposes and effects of advertiseme nt open different outcomes on concentration and market entry. glib-tongued advertising create high brand subjection forces potential new entrants to either outspend the incumbent for advertisement expenditure or to offer high price cuts. These describe in actual barriers to entry. Stiglers ad as information-view sees advertisement as a barrier to entry in general in the long term, as companies merchandising products at the scoop out price for the best quality to sound consumers, blow ones stack and benefit from economies of scale. However, experimental research shows that in the legal age of industries, advertising does not forge in a barrier to entry.BibliographyJoe Bain sex act of meshwork rove to Industry stringency American manufacturing, 1936-40, 1951, quarterly ledger of economic science Barriers to stark naked tilt, 1956, Harvard University tweet industrial Organization, 1968 Grabowski, H. G. and J. M. Vernon, scratch loyalty, Entry, and equipment casu alty argument in pharmaceutics after the 1984 drug tour, daybook of practice of law and Economics, vol35, Pages 331-345 Catherine Matraves foodstuff structure, R&D, and publicize in the Pharmaceutical Industry, The diary of industrial Economics, Pages 175-177

Prometheus Essay

Johann wolfgang Von Goethe Prometheus1. Prometheus is the utterer of this numbers, and he is speechmaking to the matinee idol of the gods.2. In the commencement ceremony stanza, a fable occurs, it says And, ilk the male child who lops the thistles heads This enti hopeegory hither was revealed by Prometheus and he was referring genus genus genus genus genus genus Zeus to an shame cheating girlish bit. Further to a greater extent, the purport of this parable is to go for the boy who is rive dispatch the heads of a scenic flower, which is an dark action. However, The flat coat that Prometheus is referring Zeus to this bad youngish man is because he recollects that he is an indigent about wholeness and Zeus is ab exploitation him.3. In the consequence stanza, Prometheus explains the unconscious process to constitute all the gods business leaderless. Prometheus, who is the loud vocaliser unit system of the numbers, suggests that matinee idols atomic number 18 non confident(p) lavish of their bottom and they regain weak. The graven bods ar supply their lust by populates piety, appealingness, and their duteous towards him. However, the verbaliser similarly reveals that they atomic number 18 taking utility of mass who ar in fretfulness, indeed masses would rely on them. In conclusion, the Gods would non be as virile without mints invocation and godliness.4. The rhetorical enquires in stanza fivesome focuses on the God and their unparalleled singularity such(prenominal) as selfishness. Prometheus reveals their nature in a veto way. Prometheus says that Gods do non cargon race who atomic number 18 in trouble if they be trancetert look at a reenforcement from it. Also, he mentions that if a God steps clemency on an a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal) God, the other Gods would separate out to keep off that God and finesse him differently. In the bear rhetorical question in the exit blame is towards the subscribers, exploring the author why the great unwashed would worship these kinds of Gods. The boilersuit load on this series is to move passel to suffer on Prometheuss post and countermand the Gods.5. in the ordinal stanza, in that location argon dickens linguistic communication which atomic number 18 personified. These wrangle are clip and specify. In the text, it says cartridge clip is all- brawny which bastardly period is actually right on and deem say-so to harness and soften bothwhere man. And some other whiz is specify it says indispensableness is ever-living that neer dies or ending It emphasizes that fate is powerful as surface as time. 6. Dreams was an look employ in stanza six, was serving the reader to take in around the loudspeaker. He says that level his vision or privation is non accomplished, he lead non firing away. He get out adopt his fancy and non be disap oriented no take what happ ens.7. He says that he pass on attain a compassionate organism who is righteous like him. So, the Gods would not get either prayer or worship from the people. Prometheus plans to ruin the gods using gay beings.8. The boilersuit bank note of this numbers is see red and abhor. Prometheus utter towards Gods and specially Zeus. Prometheuss buckram scent reveals his exasperation and intuitive feeling towards Zeus. passkey Byron (George Gordon Byron) Prometheus1. at that place are cardinal strong differences between both Prometheus verse forms. The poem from Von Goethe is compose in Prometheuss tip of capture and he was addressing it to Zeus. But, the other champion is written in original Byrons point of view. Where Prometheus is unidentified. In this poem, in that respect is no coach licence that we croupe befall the speaker, tho we could discover who it is addressing to, which Prometheus. In addition, the poem by Von Goethe is in force(p) of fury and hate towards Gods, However, the poem by entitle Byron is very untold more soothe and has some get it on towards Prometheus2. The tilt, the vulture, and the hurting. These leash imageizationizations are translateing Prometheuss penalization by Zeus. take for to Prometheuss myth, he is set up to the rock and he is get aberration by the vulture which comes free-and-easy and eat Prometheuss river. The poem is verbal expression Prometheus sacrificed himself to divine service piece, which ca utilise him to feel the twinge that neer ends.3. The asphyxiation under deadlocking of agony And consequently is overjealous lest the chuck out should contrive a hearer Instantly, I could hypothecate how handsome this distress could be that it is bounteous to exit wiz, it doesnt regard as that distress itself suffocate physically. It path that the intelligence of distress is overly concerning that it suffocative one mentally. Also, flip out is personifi ed and the jut of Prometheus arises. This recite is verbalize Prometheus is pain because of seclusion too. He has no social club notwithstanding the sky, to tattle to. The bleakness causes him to give way more pain.4. These three wrangling are creating an image of promised land and hell. The cry assign used to epitomize nirvana and shun represent hell.5. Thunderer is Zeus. Zeuss important symbol is lightening or thunder.6. The speaker gives an image of Prometheus acquiring punish by Zeus and how much he is stick out the pain and the torture. The speaker in like manner gives the reader an intellect of the abrasiveness of Zeus.7. kind race defines a symbol referring to Prometheus.8. I think Prometheus is a symbol for rebel, exclusively as well a reader. I agree with the speakers bid, because yet Prometheus is one of gods, he love human more than his suffer kind. Prometheus indomitable to refuse Zeus and cooperateed human by thievery cut from god. By this event, human could take up tolerable power to stand by themselves without communicate for help to gods.9. This statement is paradox, because ordinarily expiration is not sober subject, notwithstanding it is favorable thing for Prometheus. Prometheus never gave up or downslope his woof even he is getting torture every day, so if he dies finally, he leave not sire either pain. Also, master copy Byron was Christian and he believed at that place is an afterlife. So, if Prometheus dies

IP 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IP 1 - bet ExampleIt whitethorn be dear a scene precisely helped me substantiate the argument if everything just about me is just an conception or mold but lastly concluded that everything has somatogenic innovation and that zip fastener is predetermined. Real for me meant a tangible innovation that could be sustain by my senses. Since everything nigh me is verifiable by my senses, everything I see is real and that we set about free entrust. in that location two chief(prenominal) thoughts about the reference work of cognition. One is the thinker of tabula rasa that the nous is repeal and it gets its intimacy from arresting bang and study. in that respect is also roughly early(a) thought that cooks that the mind already contains some ideas much(prenominal) as con skill and the predisposition to believe the organism of a controlling Being. For me besides, I am more(prenominal) mold to believe that knowledge is a harvesting of study and picture more than a predetermined idea. And this knowledge is subjective. What I experience and learn may differ from other person and as a result, we will fix a different anatomy of thinking but we may adjudge agree on some truths such as existence of a overbearing Being, to be a moral person, to dispense society, etch.Traditional thinkers enclose that faith conflicts with reason. They posit that to be faithful, peerless must waste reason and to be reasonable, one must not have faith. My position however is that each complements the other. think through science supports faith. By cunning the wonder of genius and the universe, I became more convince of the domineering intelligence and role of God and thus, bastioned my faith more. human beings understanding offer also never fathom the dateless wisdom of God.Ethics, which is doing the chasten thing to recognise from morality, which means to be a life-threatening person in a direction that ethics however requires pursu it a certain tired of right whereas morals is not subjective. example is universal careless(predicate) of culture, norm or society. Simply put, being good does not mean following certain rules which ethics

Construction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Construction - Assignment ExampleJoint sealant ought to be planned and build to permit free augmentation and pressure amid the opening and conclusion of joints. In the event that joint sealants are appended to the joint filler so development is disallowed, they can scarcely perform their planned capacities to seal the joints against water and garbage section. Polyethylene tape is usually utilized as bond breaker tapeA hairlike break is a hydrophobic substantial that halts capillary movement. They form the houses core defense against the water under the buildings pes from entering the house. Adhesive bond forces prevent water from dropping vertically, a dripInfill surround, Include glass-aluminum glazing systems. A backup wall is required wind make full will be transferred from the backup wall to the buildings structure. Can be used with a frame or bearing wall structureExterior wall system is used on the CU to prevent and protect the building from rain water, moisture and air i nfiltration. The wall system acts as the insulator against dedicate and future natural environmental negative

Pixelization and representational painting Essay

Pixelization and representational painting - Essay ExampleDevelopment of painting techniques over the years yielded better ways of representation, but this focus on one dimension limits our abilities in finding diverse methods in representations. In painting alone, focus on improvement has led to various techniques that include fresco, watercolor, quadrature and elucidation painting techniques. The technique will improve presentation and scope choices for artist to representation of an object or a scene. Use of combined techniques in kitchen stove formation may give some of the best form of arts ever seen. It may just require learning expertise in contrary techniques and ability to combine them to create a magnificent nontextual matter with great value. Development of these techniques used in painting requires creativity to give an appealing artwork and at the same time deliver the massage required. In the past, concentration in developing new techniques denied the hybridisation of existing techniques a chance confine work in this area. This seek acts to introduce a new representation technique by combining existing techniques to form a unique one. The research will provide new techniques for student studies, professors and artists who will validate the work. Painting is the act of application of dye or coloring matter on a surface in a systematic manner with purpose of representing the scene or objects in question. The surfaces painted range from paper, wood surface to concrete walls. there have been many developments in painting styles dating back to prehistoric.

Speech Comprehension and the Human Language Essay

Speech Comprehension and the Human Language - Essay ExampleThe question therefore is what sets the human language apart from other How is human language defined Moreover, with so many diverse languages known in the world (associated with country, race and culture), can human language actually be characterized as a whole to represent the vast array of languages used by all sorts of people The answer to this, of course, is yes and the unifying elements that weave all these languages into a universal method for communication are the properties of human language that are common to all. These will be detailed in the succeeding section.The other human face of human language that this paper intends to explore is how people understand the spoken language or speech. It is widely known that humans begin to learn to sing during the early childhood years. As such, what are the processes and elements involved in learning and understanding speech Are these the same for everybody To answer these questions, an overview of speech comprehension shall be provided in the following sections of this article.Speech development generally occurs during the first two years of a childs growth. At the first stage, the infant produces his/her first sounds in the practice of cries, vocal grunts and cooing. These are said to be phonetically indicative of the ug, ng or ungh sounds. Studies have shown that the harmonized sounds are developed earliest, in particular the consonant h (Goodenough & Tyler, 1959). The infant then progresses to the stage wherein he/she utters single syllables repeatedly such as da-da-da or ngee-ngee-ngee. At first, these utterances are used by the infant to amuse itself. Later on or during the third stage, these utterances already become useful for social interaction with the parents or whoever is considered as the care representr. At the twenty-five percent stage, which occurs during the second half of the first year, the infant learns to combine these mono- syllables to two or more different syllables to form a more complex word. Thus to give an example., the da-da-da becomes daddle-daddle-daddle. This is the last period before true speech is actually produced. The infant then proceeds to learn how to select specific sound-combinations out of the wide word form of utterances that it has produced and to apply these sound-combinations to particular situations in which he has heard others use them (Goodenough & Tyler, 1959).Understanding SpeechUnderstanding spoken language connotes a processing level by which meaning is derived from the combination of words and sounds that form sentence structures. Before this happens, however, several other operations occur that eventually lead to meaning attribution. One of these operations is called Semantic Processing which concerns working out what words and sentences mean (Harley, 2001). Syntactic operation, on the other hand, pertains to the recognition of how words are organized within a sentence (i.e., their relationships, how they are transformed by inflections or affixes, etc.) so that the order of the words becomes meaningful. The phonological process, which is the third set of operations, involves the transformation of the message into sounds uttered as speech through the use of the articulatory mechanisms - the tongue,

Evaluation of Two New Assessment Methods for Selecting Telephone Case Study - 1

Evaluation of Two New Assessment Methods for Selecting Telephone Customer Service Representatives - Case Study congresswomanOther statistics were also close except r-value with work sample (C), and this could be treated as an outlier. A significant level of consistency is also intelligible in statistics for results for work sample (T) and results for work sample (C). In all the three results, consistency exists in significant r-values and the use of quantitative approach in analyzing the data further payes reliability because of freedom from barriers such as effects of emotions. The studys sample size is also large enough to establish internal consistency and its value that is greater than 30, suitable for normal approximations and relatively large for the population size, explains this. Data collection also included a countenance rater throughout the process, a factor that eliminated bias. In addition, the replication was done within a short period and therefore eliminated matur ation confound. The use of predetermined military rating criteria for the work sample tests also eliminated possible examiner bias or uninformed and arbitrary evaluations. These features therefore establishes internal reliability of the evaluations and means that the analysis results argon suitable for informing decisions on the organizations recruitment and staffing decisions (Grinnell & Unrau 124).Similarly, key measures of validity inform its evaluation. Measurement validity is the degree to which a measure meets its mean objectives and analysis of used measures identifies validity. Speed, the true, and interpersonal skills are accurate measure of customer-service-relation competence because of identifiable relationship with deliverables. Speed indicates ability to meet demand for phone bookings that is growing, accuracy indicates the ability to satisfy customer my making correct deliveries at the right times, while interpersonal skills identifies ability to develop relationshi ps between customers and the organization for

Terrorist Attacks and Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terrorist Attacks and Risk Assessment - Essay ExampleAccording to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that as more as terror attacks instill fear, the terrorist does so to get the target government to move to their demands. Over the last decade, this strategy has worked in favor of the terrorist regardless the efforts by most governments in eradicating terrorism, elevating the risk and probabilities of terror attacks in future. The uncertainty surrounding risks of terror attacks is indisputable, making risk assessment very difficult. In the U.S., Homeland security department is the body tasked with the responsibility of assessing the risk of terror attacks. Homeland Security has formulated a model that analyses the risk of attack from three perspectives the threat posed, vulnerability to attacks and the consequences of an attack. It has in any case categorized the risk into either asset-based or geographically based attacks. These developments by Homeland Security h ave helped in enhancing preparedness, ability to protect or respond to terror attacks. In conclusion, the current risk assessment is not good enough for any government to assure its people protection from terror attacks.

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION - Essay ExampleMy interests in pursuing graduate studies had intensified during my practice as a supervisory program of Hematology department in Alhada armed forces hospital in Saudi Arabia. I have realized the urgent need and demand for skilled technologists, at my work place and other laboratories in developing regions. I believe, by gaining more knowledge in Hematology and management skills, I would be of great help in the laboratory medicine field worldwide, Saudi Arabia in particular. Besides updated skills in the early diagnosis of many blood related diseases much(prenominal) as anemia, leukemia etc better management and leadership skills are very important in developing countries like Saudi Arabia.With the transition of most laboratories to acquire accreditation of the college of American Pathologists (CAP) and other regulatory agencies, the need for professional and comprehensive managerial capabilities in the developing countries are becoming crucial. This has triggered the need for more sophisticated knowledge in the updated laboratory methods, and quality control and quality assurance concepts.At my last job, I was able to adhere to the highest professional Laboratory standards, despite the fact that I was working under different working environment, tradition, and dress code. It was very interesting, challenging and great learning experience. In addition to background skills and knowledge in the medical examination laboratory science, my balanced personality, and open minded nature, made me successful supervisor. Some of my accomplishments include, constructing and updating hematology departments procedure manuals, evaluation of new analyzers, organizing and bye successfully the bi annual inspection conducted by of the college of American pathologists (CAP) etc. Through my job, I have greatly improved my analytical ability and blackjack management techniques. The process

Cross-cultural management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cross-cultural management - Research Paper ExampleThe data collected, findings and reports from this representative sample be then subjected to a serial of data analyses based on which deductions are made. From the findings, viable recommendations are made with reference to scholarly work and reviews from social experts and academicians.Introduction Culture connotes peoples way of life. It is essentially a reflection of the attributes and characters of defined group of people within a population and includes aspects such as dressing, language, food, practices and beliefs, economic activities, and general aspects of life- characteristic of a particular group. Cultures break away to differ from one community to another however, neighboring communities have a tendency to borrow various aspects of culture from one another and hence the disparities are few but continue to differ gradually as one drifts away to other regions (Charles, 2010). This explains why people from different cont inents tend to greatly differ from one another in their language, dressing, religious affiliation and beliefs among other social aspects of life due to their different backgrounds and upbringing. This research was conducted from Iowa claim University. This university is situated in the State of Iowa and admits students from all over the world. Each year, the University enrolls over 33,000 students half of whom are international students. This provides a good platform to analyze aspects of academic acculturation and social assortment and their implications on students lives while undertaking their career studies

There is no set topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

There is no set topic - Essay display caseIt is in this third letter that he strove to enlighten the public in his influence during the 18th century of how his humble career as a sodbuster created for him a paradigm shift that significantly changed his overall perspective of Europe with a renewed heart toward America and the naturalized citizenship which it endowed him without much exertion. The run-in in What is an American? may be noted for both its simple and complex constructions which occur to liberate a tone of replenishing spirit after given(p) details had been brought across by critical yet sensible mode of reasoning. Instead of getting the reader to anticipate a more straightforward resolution at its opening, the author seemed to have diverted the audience to a historically inclined creative introduction. Crevecoeur opted for the presence of an Englishman in the beginning to witness how the land of America, in which several Caucasians melted, alleviates a man to a level of acquiring both identity and prosperity which he was deprived of while dwelling in the state of matter of his origins where social classes make a huge matter of concern.

Modern mosque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern mosque - Essay ExampleFrom the Muslim point of view, a divine Mosques must have mingled specific pertinent features, they include features that indicates guardianship directions of the Qible, which in most cases may also be referred as the Mecca. This indication is usually referred as the Mihrab and should have a specific type of roof agree to the requirements of the Islam religion (Wood, 7).The first Mosque that was constructed in Turkey was the Mecca this was a term used to describe the area that surrounded the Kaba. In the Muslim Religion, Kaba was considered the holiest shrine in the land. The model by which the previous(predicate) on Mosques were developed, took the dimensions of Muhammads house, which was located in Madina. The direction with which the Qibla at this time was believed be oriented towards Jerusalem.Moreover, on the left side of the early Qiblas, there were three houses for Muhammads wives with three different entries that led to the courtyard, an area where most prayers were held during this time. In approximately 1500 years, the direction of the Qibla was changed so that it could face the orientation of the Mecca.The Madina Mosques had various important functions in the early Muslim society it accommodated social functions, religious as well as political functions. Judicial roles were also undertaken in the early Mosques the Muhammad and their families members were also accommodated in the early Mosques.In the early period, rules guiding prayers were not shaped to a specific standard owing to the fact that the prescriptions that are in the Koran developed on a gradual basis from time to time. Evidence has also shown that apart from the Mosques of Madina and Mecca, there existed some former(a) dimensions of Mosques in other parts of the World.Owing to rapid technological advancement in the early period, Mosques began growing rapidly in their complexities as well as their appearances. They assumed

Organ donation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organ donation - Essay ExampleMany hatful are not aware of this problem and this paper bottom help on this point. As a nurse, my profession had allowed me to see the deficiencies in the current system of harmonium procurement.Lack of organ donors - there is a famine or shortage compatible variety meat for people who are waiting for suitable organs due to the requirements of a tissue and blood match, otherwise, the organs ordain be rejected by the body as a foreign object. I believe that all major donor agencies and even national governments should happen a priority to these concerns such as tax incentives for the donors (McCarrick & Darragh, 2003). Other plans were made to address a vital issue but the most common pathway is to conduct an advocacy campaign that will help to persuade people to become organ donors. Besides family members and close relatives, a search for viable organs has expanded to prison population as well. The current lack of organs is due to increased dem and as the organ transplantation process is promptly a fairly routine surgical procedure.Black market - the urgent need for human organs has also caused a dark underside of a cottage industry which is the trafficking of illegal organs. In other instances, it is possible that poor people sell their organs, often with a devastating effect on donors health. A parallel market for organs obtained through illegal means has resulted into medical tourism that people desperate for organs go to poor countries (Connell, 2010). A proposal made to make all organ procurement subject to free market forces has not been well received (Mahoney, 2010) todays present system based on altruism cannot keep pace with the demand resulting in the illegal market for organs. While the surveys indicate widespread public support for organ donation, in practice, people are either reluctant or unwilling to voluntarily donate their organs or those of deceased kin.What peaked my interest in the topic of organ donat ions is that it is the responsibility of

The Importance of Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Importance of unfavorable Thinking - Essay ExampleUniversity students should use critical mentation in their exercise, research, and their writing.Critical reading forces the student to think about the origins intentions and the meaning hidden behind the words. University readings require more than simply repeating facts or plots. It requires the student to use critical thinking to ...not only understand what they have read or been shown but also to build upon that knowledge without incremental guidance (Why Teach Critical Thinking n.d.). Critical thinking allows the reader to question the writers thesis or examine their facts. The information gained impart be built upon during a lifetime of learning.Critical thinking is mandatory when a university student is conducting research. Critical research demands that the student not only consider the source, but also the authors sources. Their own research must be viewed with a critical eye as to methodology and problematic areas. Glicken (2004, p. 43) argues that One of the key elements of the scientific approach is a willingness to critically evaluate and test knowledge and theories. This will help eliminate errors and biases. Limitations and irregularities should be noted when reading research. Critical thinking will also help determine if the research is unbiased or if the author had an agenda.

Is the cost of college in America to high Research Paper

Is the cost of college in America to high - Research Paper ExampleThe system changed through these three age times, and the fresh system is elementary school to high school and to college. College study is important as it marks the last step in completing the first mannequin of education and is relatively expensive compared to the other two. It has been of great interest in many countries, including United States. Americans feel that college education is really expensive compared to other nations. caput is, is the cost of college in America is too high? Education is probably the close important learning process, since the ancient times. It is basically the process of giving and receiving instructions. In the ancient Greece and Rome, children were taught their responsibilities and how to honor them. Boys were usually taught how to work hard to feed their families and also how to protect their families and cities. On the other hand, girls were taught by their mothers household ch ores like cooking, cleaning and managing houses. This was unceremonious education and was very important for the ancient people. As strings of time continued to unwind, some philosophers thought that it would be good to introduce a bollock education system. Plato, the infamous Greek philosopher, was probably the first person to propose a formal education system. According to Plato, children were to be initially taught by their guardians, the basics. At the age of seven years, the children were to join elementary school. They were to study mathematics, poetry, literature and music until they turned eighteen years. After finishing the elementary school, they were to proceed to military learn for two years. Military training was to emphasize physical training. The best students were to proceed to higher education. This was to be trained from the age of twenty years to thirty-five years. Mathematics, literature and philosophy were to be studies in higher education. Those finishing h igher education were to be given minor administrative position for preparation of future governing body positions. According to Plato, education was to be provided to both men and women (Dillon 1). Followers of Plato considered that formal education was a good idea and went ahead to implement the proposal. Formal education was first trained in Greece and followed to other cities like Sparta and other nations and civilizations in the region. Education would soon be trained in China, Egypt and all other countries followed. for each one country changed the education system to their preference. By the time it was coming to the medieval times, education had changed dramatically. Unlike during the ancient times when education was influenced by philosophers, education in medieval times was influenced by church leaders. Mathematics, philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, logic, astrology and music were the main subjects taught. Bishops and monks were responsible for training the upper class peopl e. Peasants were uneducated during these times as it was very expensive to afford books or consult teachers. Student used to sit together in a class set up and used scribble notes, wooden blocks (Newman 1). Times turned to the modern and education system also changed. Education became affordable to many people as time passed. College education is the most considered, and it is currently the highest level in education hierarchy today. People, who have studied to college level, easily get good jobs and are respected in the society. College educatio

Implied and Express terms (contract) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implied and Express terms (contract) - Essay ExampleIn such situations the concept of what are implied terms comes into the picture. Implied terms could be a condition, a warranty or an innominate term and its on only by knowing the effect of each, that we could determine the distinction of one from the other.The court, in the case of Hong Kong fir tree v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha 1962 2 QB 26, had the chance to make a distinction among a condition, warranty and an innominate term. In said case, the following definitions were settledWhen a condition is breached the wound party has the remediate to sue for damages and also to terminate the contract. A breach of warranty only gives rise to the right to sue for damages. When an innominate term is breached the good consequences of the breach depend upon its factual consequences i.e. there is a right to terminate the contract, in addition to suing for damages, only if the breach of an innominate term is such as to despoil the injured par ty of substantially all the benefit which he was intended to derive from the contract.If a term is subject to different interpretation then there is flexibility otherwise there is certainty. As to how it creates a tension is on the consequence of different interpretations. A party to a contract, for example, believes a term to be condition but when the court will interpret otherwise, it will really create a tension as to him because that would be depriving him the right to terminate the contract. a or exanmplke iif one entitles meFFSince in innominate terms there could be either the right to sue for damages or both the said right and right to terminate the contract, then a tension could also be created by the uncertainty of flexibility of the decision depending on how the courts appreciates the facts of the cases and surrounding circumstances and how it will throw the rule on implied terms.As to why, the court said Terms implied in fact are

Portfolio Committee Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Committee EssayDear ProfessorUIC Writing Center is open to every UIC students who need suspensor with their writing cover at the same time, UIC also has lots of ESL students who view English writing paper as the most challenging task. How can Writing Center amaze much effective for ESL students? Mandy, Duong, and I would like to give some suggestions for Writing Center tutors from the perspectives of ESL students. We use a baron point and brochures to help us conduct our voice. Before starting the power point, we went to the writing center and had an interview with the tutor. We asked questions about the tutoring procedures and the differences between tutoring a native English speaker and an English Language Learner. after(prenominal) that, we knew that most ESL students have the basic English skills when they got accepted to UIC. Therefore, tutors can communicate with them by speaking simple English and ESL students will have no problems in understanding. Howeve r, not a lot ESL student would like going to Writing Center for help. What keeps ESL students away from Writing Center and how can Writing Center help more ESL students become more successful in their writing papers?There are many barriers for ESL students coming to Writing Center. For example, many ESL students have no confident with their English, and they feel shameful and timid when talking to tutors who are English Native Speakers. If students talk little, tutors will stop explaining because tutors assume students know that. As a result, many ESL students found Writing Center was useless for them and stopped coming. Making tutors and ESL students communicate and understand each other better is the key to make a successful tutoring session. My group suggests tutors make a goal with ESL students together at the beginning of the session based on what ESL students need and to be enthusiastic. We want our power point to explain the barriers and to give suggestions in short. We put k ey points to remind ourselves when presenting.We also want to the textand pictures have the equal amount so that our audience can have better understanding of our presentation and listening to us. We selected some key points from the power point to make our brochure for audiences to take away and read. We used simple words to make sure everybody could understand our brochures and used a lot pictures to attract audiences. The presentation was short, and very few people asked questions. It may be due to the fact that my audience is tutors who have learned those tips in their classes. If I could have a chance to improve my presentation, I would make prepare more to talk and ask questions instead asking my audience to give feedback.Sincerely yours,Lin

Gulliver Travel Theme Essay Example for Free

Gulliver Travel Theme EssayMight vs. Right In Jonathon agiles Gullivers Travel there are many characters who have power over others, some of these characters abuse it other characters do not. Swift gives many details and examples of how the character uses or abuses his or her power. Swift relates many of his characters to real life people of his time The first occurrence of this theme happens when Gulliver washes up on the island of the Lulliputains after his boat was capsized by a bulky storm. Gulliver awakens to his arm, legs, and body tied down and is unable to move. He is surrounded by a abundance of miniature like people. Though Gulliver showed no sign of assault the Lulliputains, despite their small size, still took full advantage over Gulliver and attack him with arrows. The emperor who rules Luptin takes he can concord Gulliver and has him chained and guarded by soldiers. The emperor is both a satire of the autocratic ruler and a strangely serious portrait of polit ical power. (Sparknotes. com).Swift uses The Emperor to represent King George I. ripe like King George, The Emperor abuses his power and hires his ministers on how well he likes them rather then their suitability, wisdom, or virtue. The Emperor of Luptin also loves war and wants to use Gullivers size to enslave the neighboring island Blefuscu. Although Gulliver refuses to do so, this can be compared to King George I war on Spanish Succession. The Brobdingnagians could dominate with their superior size if they wished only when for the must part they do not.Gulliver is taken by a farmer when he lands on the island of Brobdingnag who Gulliver estimates is around seventeen foot tall. The farmer at doesnt take advantage of his great size but he eventually uses Gulliver as a display around Brobdingnag for money. In General the Brobdingnagians do not abuse their power. The King of Brobdingnag is byered the secret of gunpowder but he refuses to take this, even though gunpowder could vast ly increase the power of his nation.The Queen of Brobdingnag finds Gulliver and buys him off the farmer for a thousand pieces of gold. The Queen finds Gulliver quite interesting and thinks of him not as a pet but as fellow Brobdingnagian. Throughout the apologue Swift likes to draw questions through his characters on why people hold power over others. A key example of this is how The Laputan King thinks he has the right to hold power over the Balnirbarbians simply because he is more devoted to abstract and theoretical knowledge then they are.A more indeterminate example of this power is how the Houyhnhnms control the Yahoos. The Houyhnhnms are intelligent, moral and virtuous people but it is still questionable on whether they should rule the Yahoos. The Yahoos are greedy, beastlike humans who depart fight over anything valuable and will eat enough food for ten. (shmoop. com). Even though the Houyhmhnms are great creatures it is still inhuman that they should take control of the Y ahoos who are less fortunate than them. Might vs. ight or, abuse or use of power, is a reoccurring theme in Gullivers Travels. Swift uses this theme to draw a deeper meaning into the story. The question of why people hold power over others is one that is asked throughout the novel. Swift puts you into each of leaders shoes and gets the reader to think of what they would do if they were in this situation. Would people use to power that was given to them to do great things or would people abuse their power to control and strip license from others.

To Love Another Person is to See the Face of God Essay Example for Free

To Love Another Person is to See the Face of perfection EssayTo love other person doesnt really mean to see the face of God. You have to feel all the love and blessings of God. Living the life of God, with his words and doing things that we know is objurgate is living the path of life loving any other person regardless of what she or he is living with the love of God with no conditions, no barriers that can stop him/her, only with just plain love of God . Accepting other person, understanding them is the way of baseing love to them. Helping them in times of trouble, giving them advice for goodness in life and supporting them on the things that they want to do are few thing we can do to show them our concern and love for them. We should not wait for them to call up favor for what we did for them, because like God who love and help us, he didnt ask anything in save for what he did for each one of us and never get tired of doing those things, so should just be thankful for wh at we did. That is Gods will for us. there are times we need to sacrifice for the sake of others. Those sacrifices are just tools for them to have pleasure they deserve. But should not be lonely because we sacrifice it, God has always plans for our life. We dont that he might have more plans for our life. Also we dont know what will happen in our lives, exclusively we should not just wait until something comes in our way. We should be the one to start our lives with God in our side for us to reach success Sharing happiness that you receive with all other people you want to share is showing them your love for them. Someday all of our sacrifice and all that we share with others will return to us but we dont know when. Only God knows.We should not be disturbed by the ups and downs of life. It is part of life were our courage, strength and religion in God were tested for us to be more ready to face all the coming trials for us. It is part of the path we all have to carry to learn mo re things about life, on how we can more understand the life God had do for us. Being able to surpass the trials we are lining is like reaching one of our many goals in life. And showing our love to other person is one of the greatest commandments of God. Love all the people with your consentaneous heart, let them fell it not just hear it, let them receive it not just expect it and love is the beginning of goodness. Showing love to others is the outgo way to show them goodness. Love God first, and love others more than you love yourself.

What Social Factors Can Contribute To Mental Illness?

What Social Factors Can Contri nonwithstandinge To Mental Illness?A psychical infirmity is a psychological abnormality of an individual, and signifi dopetly affects the individuals emotional stability. There be different types of amiable illnesses with different degrees of severity such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder and individualality disorder. When a person develops a mental illness, emotions corporation be so overwhelming that they develop an inability to carry off with day-by-day activities such as work, socialising, and maintaining a relationship. In extremity, sight who suffer from depression may find it difficult to physically cargon for themselves, or leave their home. The slight common mental illnesses may involve psychosis these include bipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia. People experiencing these types of psychosis lose their champion of reality, feelings and the world surrounding them. A insane episode ma y involve delusions and/or hallucinations which can confuse or threaten the individuals peers. (Sciencemuseum.2012) This essay allow explore the social factors that can contribute to mental disorders, it will analyse the three dominant theories the mental turn over theory, social organise theory and the labelling theory. It will explore each theory in turn and relish at the enquiry, assumptions and criticisms.The sociological approach looks at the environmental or social factors, which argon external to an individual. It suggests that, these factors can drift an overwhelming stress leading to a breakdown in mental wellness. (Horwitz Scheid 1999121) The stress theory is derived from the nonion that when social stressors atomic number 18 accumulated, mental health problems are to a greater extent(prenominal) likely to occur. The term stress or stressors was introduced in the mid 1930s by a physiological researcher, Hans Selye. When using these terms it is meant that stress is anything that energizes the body wear and tear. Selye used laboratory animals to audition the stressors he used were extreme hot and cold temperatures, overcrowding of the animals in cages, and electric shocks. (Horwitz Scheid 1999122). This experiment showed that when animals are exposed to such stimuli, they show three stages of reactions known as general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S). The foremost stage of reaction was flight or fight, the animal be bring forths aggressive and ready to fight or retreat from the threat. In the indorsement stage, the animal reacts with resistance regaining equilibrium, it continues to combat the effects caused by the stress. The final stage is exhaustion the bodys ability to defend it self becomes depleted leaving the individual to a greater extent susceptible to infection or disease. Selye experiment proved a link between prolonged exposure to stress and illness. In the years to follow the research began to focus on the effects of stress in humans and social stressors (mainly major life forces) (Horwitz Scheid 1999122)Researches regarding major life events were carried out by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe. They outlined major life events as external changes which occur in states lives and require them to make major psychological adjustments. They proposed that increased amounts of readjustments could cause exhaustion of the ability to cope this would cause the person to be at a higher risk of illness. Holmes and Rahe devised a life events checklist with 43 life stresses that may cause a person to make adjustments. The checklist was named the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Each event on the checklist was called a Life Change Unit (LCU), with a different weight down for each type of stress. The more events the patient added up, the higher the score became. The higher the score meant the larger the weight of each event this made the individual more likely to become ill. (McLean Link 1994162) The checklist a llowed social researchers to determine whether cosmos exposed to social stressors could cause a breakdown in a persons health. The problems with Holmes and Rahes SRRS are that thither were many major life events missing from the list, such as exposing ones homosexuality and losing custody of a child. It also assumes that both positive and interdict life events cause behavioural adjustments, leading to overtaxing ones ability to cope. Later research found that negative life events had a more severe impact on individuals psychological health than positive life events. (Ayers.S 2007131).After years of research into the mental health effects of stressors, considerable variations have been found. There are three dominant approaches to apologize these variations. The first approach looks at the stressor itself and examines its characteristics. When looking at the characteristics of the stressor and familiarising with Holmes and Rahes SRRS, there is a clear indication of the difference in the severity of affect for negative life events. Each event can vary in how nerve-wracking it is or how it affects a person emotionally this is because of the differences in their desirability, predictability, controllability or their magnitude. (Thoits 198333-103) Research shows that the unenviable or uncontrollable events are the ones which have a greater detrimental effect. (Ibid). Although the first approach was originally designed to categorize the different ways that stressful situations effect nation psychologically, what it actually helped to do was establish that different types of stress manifest in different ways. For example, work or family based issues, effect wad differently to financial problems or illness. Furthermore, the different characteristics of each instance in life alter how it affects the mind. So, the timing and circumstances surrounding a life event make a difference to how a person copes and any long term effects it will have.(Ibid).In contrast, th e second theoretical approach focuses on the characteristics of the person who is experiencing the stressor. Variations in the effects of stressors, is a function of variations of a persons vulnerability or how they react to stressors. There has been a lot of research on coping and social aliveness. When a person is dealing with negative stressors they rely upon social and personal characteristics, also known as coping resources. (Perlin Schooler 19782-21) The social and personal characteristics can be found in an individuals social network, this is where the individual will seek emotional or practical support. Such support systems can raise a persons self esteem, and help them to stay in control. Research examines to what extent individuals or groups vary in how much personal or social resources they possess e.g. self esteem, mastery and social support.(Ibid) The research indicates that the more of these resources people have, the greater the negative impact of stressful life ev ents are buffered. Overall, the studies carried out for this approach signify that people who have strong coping resources and have access to functional, structural and emotional support have the advantage of being able to tackle the psychological consequences of stressors, easier than those whom do not have personal or social resources.(Ibid)Lastly, the third theoretical approach attributes variations in psychological harm caused by stressful life events to variations in the larger social context surrounding stressors. Advocates of this approach argue that when an event or strain occurs, the social circumstances are important for apologiseing variations of their psychological effects. This is because they have the personal meanings and emotional significance of the stressors. Blair Wheaton (1990209) shows that a role loss such as divorce is a great deal less distressing to individuals who have experienced a lot of marital stress, than for those who have a less stressful marriage . A similar study by Deborah Umberson (1987306) indicates that widowhood brings more depression to people who suffer from habitation and financial strain than those who do not experience these stressors.The stress theory is well suited for the purpose of explaining why lower class people are more likely to have a mental illness than middle or upper class people. (Horwitz Scheid 1999128) However, the theory is non specific for example, it does not explain how rough groups are more susceptible to certain disorders than other groups such as depression and anxiety are mostly experienced by women, and men are more susceptible to anti social disorders. (Ibid) Furthermore, this theory does not apply to all mental disorders such as psychoses a very complex and full disorder, which is better explained by biological explanations or ones childhood socialization. Price et al (1988) show experiments which indicate that interventions which alter an individuals coping strategy and offer soci al support and encouragement, do reduce negative emotional reactions to major life events. Therefore, the stress theory is a promising tool for administering mental health interventions. (Horwitz Scheid 1999129)A cover charge term used to describe more specific sociological theories regarding mental illness etiology is structural strain theory which looks at the extensiveer organizations of society and finds the can of distress, and where some groups are at a disadvantage when compared to others. (Ibid) A useful example of structural strain theory is Mertons (1938) anomie theory this theory attempts to explain criminal behaviour, rebellious behaviour, addictive behaviour, as well as mental illness. Merton uses the American society to explain his theory, he argues that the American culture highly strain how wealth and success are the most important values an individual can posses. They are taught that the highest goal in life is to strive for success, with education being the ke y means to achieve economic success. Mertons assumption is that most people agree that education is the most received route to achieving success. There is a bulk of the society who unfortunately have their means to success blocked. (Horwitz Scheid 1999130)These groups live in neighbourhoods which are piteous and lack school facilities and competent teachers. Thus, they lack encouragement, preparation and accompaniment for progression onto higher education. This causes class and race based discrimination within the schools and the workforce, leading to a defeat in efforts made to succeed when attempting to follow the legitimate paths.(Ibid)Mertons use of the term anomie describes a gap between the desire to be financially successful and the means of entry to acceptable education or employment. He argues that individuals who experience the gap will adapt by changing their goals or looking for alternative means. Merton described 5 adaptive responses, which are conformity, ritualism , innovation, retreatism and mutiny (Morine.N2009). The people who conform follow rules shared by the cultures goals, and carry out legitimate means to achieve them. Even if they are doubtful that their efforts will honorarium off. Ritualists give up on achieving success. However, they continue to behave in a socially acceptable manner for instance working steadily in a job with low income and low prospects. The conformist and ritualist do not cause society many problems. Whereas, the innovator, retreatists and rebels cause major problems for society. (Ibid)This is because innovators give up on success, but they still desire wealth and use illegitimate means to achieve it such as committing fraud or tax evasions. Retreatists also give up on success and retreat from the world surrounding them into substance abuse or become mentally ill.(Ibid) Rebels use threatening behaviour to achieve success, they go down socially acceptable goals and create new goals with new ways of achieving them such as being involved in riots or social movements (Ibid). The main bear witness of this analysis is to show how mental illness is a reaction to environmental demands and the result of an individuals legitimate pathways being blocked due to the stratified or structure of society causing a disadvantage for some social groups. (Ibid)Most structural strain political orientation of mental illness suggest that, macro strains in social and economic systems can cause increased rates of mental illness for certain groups. (Horwitz Scheid,1999131) Emile Durkheim (1897) analyzed the social factors which can cause suicide he found that the distributions of suicide within and across societies were unequal. Durkheim argued that the social integration of groups and societies differ. People are bound together by the balance of shared norms. These norms regulate a persons passion and maintain the ties to one another in order to prevent unreasonable behaviour from acts of passion or emotion al impulses. If a society is too weakly, or too strongly integrated, or are subjected to rapid changes it can cause conditions of structural strain.There are two main assumptions of this theory the first is that, minority groups, women, the poor, unmarried people and the elderly are all at a socioeconomic disadvantage.(ibid) The second assumption is that high rates of mental health breakdowns are caused by the socioeconomic disadvantage. In comparison to the stress theory, the structural strain theory is better suited for explaining that mental illness is not distributed haphazardly in society, rather it is closely linked to socially or economically disadvantaged groups of society.(Ibid) It conveys that, the structure of society itself could contribute to the epidemiology of mental illness. The stress theory does not fully capture this idea and biological and psychological theories bypass it altogether. The disadvantages of the structural strain theory are that, structural theoris ts do not present how the broad social structures and socioeconomic trends are actualized in individuals lives. They also tend to give priority to economic factors and disregard other large scale changes such as, poor quality family relationships (absentee fathers, increased divorce rate and child or spouse abuse) which could affect mental health. (Horwitz Scheid 1999132) Therefore, it is unclear of how the macro social trends cause psychological distress. It is not only socioeconomic disadvantage that are sources of stress, but interpersonal relationships can also be a contributing factor. It is interesting to note that, the structural strain theory has the same basis as the stress theory. The concept that the stress theory is essential to support the structural strain theory makes this theory weak.(Ibid)The social reaction theory (labelling theory) is similar to the structural strain theory in the sense that they both offer a unique sociological explanation for the cause of ment al illnesses it is often referred to as the radical sociological explanation. The fundamental idea of the labelling theory is how the identity and behaviour of an individual can be influenced by how they are described and categorized by others in the society. (Pilgrim Rogers 199913) The theory looks at the linguistic tendency of a majority to negatively label those perceived as degenerate from the shared norms, and is connected with the idea of a stereotyping and self-fulfilling prophecy. As a use of phenomenology, the theory speculates that the labels which can be applied to an individual can influence their behaviour. In particular, the application of stigmatizing or negative labels such as criminal can promote deviant behaviour and therefore becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Consequently, the labeling theory assumes that social optical aberration can be prevented by using a social shaming reaction and replacing moral anger with tolerance.(Ibid)The labeling theory has been cl osely linked to the mentally ill. In 1966, Thomas Scheff published his writings Being Mentally Ill. Scheff questioned the common perceptions of psychological disorders by declaring that mental illness is exhibited entirely as a result of social influence. Scheff disputed that society perceives certain behaviour as deviant, and certain expectations are then placed on the individuals. Over a period of time this will unconsciously alter the individuals behaviour in order to fulfil the expectations. The criteria given for different mental disorders are not always filled by the people who are diagnosed with them just because they all suffer from the same disorder. Scheff believed they are simply fulfilled due to the mentally ill being led to presume they are supposed to conform and act in a certain manner and eventually they do. (Pilgrim Rogers 199914)Scheff received multiple criticisms for his theory the most notable critic is Walter Gove. (Pilgrim Rogers 199915) Gove has a great de al argued an almost opposite of his theory he feels strongly that society has very little influence on mental illness. Instead, he argues that any societal perceptions of people who are mentally ill are derived as a result of the individuals behaviour. Goves ideology is that, the mentally ill behave uncommonly due to their disorders, so they come to be treated as being different. Most of the sociology theorists view labeling and mental illness between the extremes of Scheff and Gove. It is difficult to deny, given both research findings and common sense that perception society gives to crazy people has had a detrimental effect on them. Realistically, it seems that labeling can accentuate and perpetuate a mental illness. However, it is rare that it is the expel cause of the symptoms. (Ibid)Each of the sociological theories can be integrated. For example, structural strain theories have indicated that risks for certain social groups are created by the way in which societies are organ ized. (Horwitz Scheid 1999137) The stress theory can assist in helping to bridge the gap between micro and macro structure, by giving an explanation of how unified risks are actualized as stressful events in peoples lives(Ibid) Also, the stress theory suggests that accumulation of strains and life events can overwhelm an individuals psychosocial resources and their ability to cope thus leading to mental illness. This is similar to primary deviance in the labelling theorys terms. (Ibid)In conclusion, there has been a lot of research to prove a link between sociological ideology and mental illness. The stress theory proves how the more an individual is subjected to major negative stressors the higher risk they have of psychological breakdown (flight or fight). Also, it indicates how an individuals coping resources can assist with overcoming psychological breakdowns (resistance) and lastly, how overwhelming exposure to stressors can cause exhaustion and a breakdown of an individuals mental state (exhaustion). (Horwitz Scheid 1999122). The structural strain theory focuses more on society as a whole and determines which groups are more susceptible to mental illness. Groups of low social status, living in poor and disadvantaged areas are more susceptible to unemployment, being victims of crime etc and are more likely to become involved in illegitimate means to success or mental illness. (Horwitz Scheid 1999130) The labelling theory then explains how the individuals who suffer from mental illness as a reaction to overwhelming stressors and/or being disadvantaged due to hierarchical or societys structure are then stigmatized and unfairly stereotyped. (Pilgrim Rogers 199913) It also shows a link that those who receive the label find it difficult to remove the label and often causing the individual to become entrapped with no other choice but to act in the way that they are meant to. (Ibid)